Ufc Business Strategy

General Environment The fastest growing sports organization in the world, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), started in 1993 as a professional mix martial arts (MMA) organization. Once the UFC brand was launched, MMA popularity surged in Brazil, followed by immense interest in Japan where these bouts became major events. The most recent fight in April, UFC sold 55,000 tickets in minutes, became the largest paid audience in North American to witness a mix martial arts event.They delivered top rating in male 18-34 and 18-49 demographics. Globally, UFC programming is broadcast in over 149 countries and territories, reaching a half a billion homes worldwide, in 20 different languages. Response to the UFC brand of MMA has been tremendous, resulting in a growing fan base that has grown exponentially through the years. So, UFC is very popular to the whole world. Porter’s Five Forces: Threat of New Entrants Threat of new entrants is low because everyone in the world is watching UFC.UFC is the only mixed martial arts industry in the world, but it is part of fighting sports industry. Power of Suppliers I would say that power of suppliers is high because the whole world is selling UFC’s stuffs. Suppliers are selling UFC apparels, shorts, DVDs, equipments and gears. Some of the suppliers including Affliction are selling UFC’s apparel. Others (Clear Vision) are selling DVD such as work-out or copies of UFC fights. UFC spends a lot on advertisement because they’re one of the most recognizable by the whole world.The Ultimate Fighting Championship has partnered with Fox  for a seven-year broadcast deal through the  Fox Sports  subsidiary, effectively ending the UFC's  Spike TV  and Versus (now  NBC Sports Network) partnership. I believe fighters are one of the suppliers because they are paid per fight, with amounts depending on how well-known the fighters are and how well sponsored a fighter and an event is. Fighters will typicall y get paid money to fight with an additional bonus if they win. Power of Buyers Buyers’ power is really high because UFC is very popular to the world.The UFC brand completely restructured MMA into a highly organized and controlled compact sports. Now, UFC produces over twelve live Pay-Per-View events annually that are distributed residentially through North American cable and satellite providers including iNDEMAND Networks, DIRECTv, DISH Network, TVN Entertainment, Shaw Pay-Per-View, BellTv, Viewers Choice, SaskTel Max and via the Internet worldwide on UFC. com and Yahoo! , commercially through Joe Hand Promotions. It is very expensive because you have to order Pay-Per-View or DIRECTv to watch UFC.Substitute I don’t believe there is a substitute because UFC is wrestling, martial art mixed. UFC is a very unique sport, but it is part of fighting sports. So, I believe substitute is very low. There are wrestling, boxing, martial arts mixed, and other fighting sports. Compe titor Analysis: Boxing Boxing is a  martial art  and  combat sport  in which two people engage in a contest of strength, reflexes, and endurance by throwing  punches  at an opponent with  gloved hands. They can get two most popular, best and recognizable boxers to fight each other.They have so many passionate fans. They’ve partnered with HBO and SHOWTIME. They are focused on the best fighters from all over the world and give the best show for the world. Internal Industry: Strength UFC is one of the most popular sports, not in just United States, but in the whole world. They have surpassed the boxing on fans’ popularity. They are really high on suppliers’ and buyers’ power. They have sold out their tickets within minutes, not hours or days. Weakness It is not for younger kids to watch UFC because it is a bad image and bad influence for them.You don’t want to have bullies at schools. UFC are worrying about what the fighters say or do be cause Advocacy groups have criticized the fighters’ comments as sexist and homophobic. The incidents cited by National Center on Domestic and Sexual Violence include an undated video linked on unfitforchildren. org, in which UFC fighter Quinton â€Å"Rampage† Jackson  urges a Japanese-speaking fan to say nasty words. Also, people are complained about their advertisement because they showed a half nude woman in one of their commercial with Bud Light Lime. Recommendation

Stress and Happiness–Cause and Effect

Tylynn Schaber Stress and Happiness Which sounds more fun, doing the dishes or playing a little Xbox? One would probably say playing their game and put the chores on the back burner because they could always do it later. This would be classified as procrastination. Procrastination may cause many negative effects including unnecessary stress and loss of one’s happiness. Procrastination is the practice of poor time management paired with lack of willpower. There are two different types of procrastination: behavioral and decisional.Behavioral procrastination is when one uses procrastination as an excuse to do poorly; for example, one may put off studying for an exam until last minute and blame a bad exam score on the procrastination. Another instant where one may have behavior tendencies is when one has low self-esteem or self-worth and believes that if he or she never finishes a task, he or she will not be judged. Those with decisional procrastination problems typically put off making a decision or choice; they typically are afraid of errors and are possibly perfectionists.Decisional procrastinators generally seek out other alternatives until they are made to make a decision, if they make a decision at all. 20% of the population is guilty of procrastination and recent studies show that it is on the rise. Everyone tends to procrastination, possibly not as often as most but definitely occasionally. One of the effects of procrastination is unnecessary stress. Everyone knows that stress has a very negative effect on oneself. Stress is a type of pressure or worry, usually unneeded.Stress has many effects in itself; it may take a toll on one’s body, one’s mood, and one’s behavior. The tolls it can take on one’s body include headaches, sleep problems, and stomach pains. It can affect one’s body by possibly giving a person anxiety, sadness, or even depression. Stress can affect one behavior be making one go through social withdra ws, angry outbursts, and drug and alcohol abuse. All of these additional symptoms of stress could lead to health problems, which are well worth avoiding.Upon all of the things that can come from stress, stress leads back to procrastination. So the more one procrastinates, the more stress one will get, so therefore the more they will procrastinate. Another effect of procrastination is the threat of one’s happiness. Happiness is the state of being content or completely satisfied. Happiness is important in one’s life because that is what gives one the motivation and will to wake up tomorrow and enjoy the little things of life that often go unnoticed, too.Without happiness, one will become depressed; depression has many, many additional negative symptoms. As you can see, by procrastinating, you can hurt more than just your grade. Procrastination can take effect on nearly every part of your life. It can lead to stress which in the end can take a toll on your health, which i s scary. Procrastination may also take away one’s happiness, which could lead to depression. One should note, it is much easier to do work that can be done today, today, and not put anything off for later.

Religious Ethic Essay

Discuss the view that only a religious ethic can provide an acceptable basis for medical ethics. Medical ethics concerns many areas of ethical debate. Including such controversial issues such as euthanasia, abortion and human cloning, medical ethics sparks lively debates. The issue of abortion is a very relevant and controversial issue. There are opposition and supporters from both a religious ethical background and a non-religious ethical background. Those who come from a Christian ethical background tend to have a similar argument, that of the sanctity of life. Roman Catholics oppose abortion using the Christian ethical theory of Natural Law. Abortion would be going against natural law as it interferes with God’s will. Abortion is right in no circumstances, in other words it is intrinsically evil, as it involves the murder of an innocent life. Protestants do, in principle, oppose abortion on the ground that murder is wrong, as stated in the bible; â€Å"Thou shalt not kill† (Exodus) and as abortion is in effect murder, abortion must therefore also be wrong. However, some more liberal protestants allow abortion in certain circumstances, such as before the nervous system has developed (before the foetus can â€Å"feel†) if the mother’s life or health is threatened or if the pregnancy is from an exceptional situation, such as the result of rape. There seems to be no reason however, as to why these two standpoints could not be from a non-religious ethic. The appreciation of life is not something that is exclusive to religion, and therefore the view that abortion is murder could stand with anyone who believes that the foetus is a person, and this need not be a religious standpoint. Equally the Liberal protestant view could again apply to anyone who believes that murder is wrong, yet as circumstances differ, the things to be considered also differ. This is a relativist situationist standpoint but again does not have to be religious. In fact many non-religious people do tend to be situationists as they judge decisions on their consequences and not on the action itself, as no action is considered intrinsically wrong, as it is not deemed by any higher being or book, as it is in religion. These arguments also apply in relation to euthanasia. Roman Catholics view murder as wrong and as euthanasia is essentially murder, it must also be wrong. It would also be considered as going against Natural Law as it interferes with God’s will, just as abortion does. Protestants would claim that the bible condemns euthanasia as it is murder, yet come more liberal Protestants again claim that all factors should be considered in order to make a decision relative to that person’s individual situation. Many people would argue however that without a religious ethic there are no clear rules and boundaries. Deontological ethical theories, that are absolutist theories that apply in all situations, provide these boundaries as the answer will always be the same. Yet not all religious ethical theories are deontological, such as Fletcher’s Situation ethics, which is teleological. This means that religious ethics do not always provide a clear cut answer, just as non-religious ethics may not. Many religious fundamentalists would argue that atheists, for example, cannot have a similar appreciation of life as they do. Atheists do not believe in God, and some would argue that as they do not believe in anything, they cannot have the same appreciation of life. Yet it appears that without a belief in anything religious, life becomes even more precious. Without the promise of an afterlife, which is provided by Christianity, this current life becomes even more precious and amazing. As you only get one shot at life from an atheist perspective, the feeling to preserve it as much as possible, along with do the same for others would seem to be even stronger. Without the excuse that the person/foetus will go to Heaven, murder seems to be even more wrong, as it would take away the one life that that person has been offered. In conclusion I think that a religious ethic is by no means the only acceptable basis for medical ethics. Although some Christian ethics will provide a stable answer for every situation, an answer that will never change and therefore will have clear-cut boundaries, not every person in the world will ever be of the same religion, and therefore it cannot be universal. Therefore a non-religious ethic which everyone could agree on seems more acceptable, such as one that allows situations to be considered, because therefore a religious ethic could be used in certain circumstances if the people involved would like to do so, as that happens to be their own â€Å"situation†; similarly if someone does not want to apply a religious ethical theory then they are not obliged to do so, because again this option would apply to their situation. Therefore situationist ethics that are not based on religion can be made universal, allowing religious ethics to be applied or not according to the wishes of the people involved and this seems to me to be the only acceptable basis for medical ethics, an ethic that will allow for everyone’s personal beliefs.

Who We Are As People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Who We Are As People - Essay Example Who we are as people is a broad field of analysis of human life and all that is attributed towards it. The bible explains the origin of human life in the book of genesis. Charles Darwin is a scientist who wrote about the origin of man. In his manuscript, man evolved from a single cell. The replication of these cells led to the development of the first species of man. Religious societies have their own way of interpretation creation. However, the method is based on strong belief as it cannot be physically proved. The book of genesis contains the whole story of creation. The religious view of creation believes that human beings were created by a supreme being. Religion concept Religious and scientific aspects of life agree on one common understanding of human traits. They both believe that human beings are supreme creatures. According to the bible, God created heaven and earth and placed inside all the life components that exist. He created man on the last day and rested. Man is consid ered to be a special creature as he was given the breath of life by God Himself. God also appreciated his last creation as he made. This portrays that the last creature was special. Man was made in the image of his creator which was different case with the rest of God’s creation. According to science, man has the most complicated brain. Human beings are the most intelligent creatures. ‘In the text Metamorphoses’ God created heaven and made it a home the stars, He created the sea and made it a home for the fish and finally the earth which he made it to be a home for the wild animal. However, He was not impressed as none of the creatures had higher thought to rule over His creation. Finally, He made man whom he gave the ability to rule over His creation. They have the ability to reason thus differentiate between logic and illogical situations. Man was given the ability to raise his head high and face the sky while the wild animal and flying creatures all bow and fa ce down as a sign of respect for humankind. Technology concept Technology is another aspect that makes human beings special creatures. They have the ability to discover. Human beings are flexible to the inevitable change. They have the ability to manipulate change in order to match their needs. Human beings have a life span and are able to work with nature to ensure their life span is within the life expectancy radar. Self identity Self identity is one of the most important aspects in human life. This is ability to have a sense of belonging. Human beings ought to belong in a certain group or groups. Living things have the ability to correlate but human beings have a special ability to connect as well as correlate with each other (Chapeyama, 24). The idea of connection and correlation provide human beings with the advantage to advance in technology. Self identity is associated with behaviour and intension. Human beings have the power to chose and make decision. Self identity promotes self confident thus the ability to rule or make self decisions. Moral differences Human beings have moral differences which makes have admiration and develop interest in a variety of things. In the context ‘Metamorphoses’ the creation period is referred to as the golden age since there was no law, coercion, no fear nor punishment and no use of threatening or insulting words. This is an indicator that humankind have morally evolved and transformed to evil and unethical ways of life. The earth was smooth without a mark of plough. Currently, the situation has change and human beings are forced to work in order to obtain food. This notion is explained in the book of Genesis, ‘In the sweat of your face you shall eat bread till you return to the ground, for out of it you

The Business Idea for a Food Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Business Idea for a Food Business - Essay Example The essay "The Business Idea for a Food Business" is a business plan which represents a new entrepreneur’s dream. The name of the company is Crazy Food plc which will be established as food processing company in London, United Kingdom. The company will produce and market processed food and ready to eat food. The crazy bite is a brand that will represent differently flavored sweets bar with different shapes and color. The product is a confectionery food which is crispy in nature. Chocolate flavor will be the main focused product of the brand as taste and quality will be very good and competitive if the product is coated with the small chocolate layer. Ingredients of the products make it more tasty and demanding. It is a confectionary food in the vegetable category which will also be offered in different fruit flavor to satisfy the demand of wide segment of people with different food habits. The opportunity of the business with respect to this product is that the confectionery market size in the United Kingdom has been increasing over the past few years. Low calorie and low sugar product of the company will fill the gap market in terms of making it demandable even among the health conscious people. The main target segments of the brand are kids and youths as studies on snacks food says that they are the maximum revenue generator of confectionery food companies. People of all ages and different food habits can also have this. It is a type of food which people can have any time they want.

Concider the global impact of a waterborne infectious disease (which Essay

Concider the global impact of a waterborne infectious disease (which may be caused by a bacterium or parasite) and discuss current methods for detection, treatment and prevention - Essay Example They can help in promoting good health, some digestion and some serve medicinal purposes. Lactobacillis is a family of bacteria found in the human digestive tract. Acidophilus is a member of lactobacillis and it is the best known bacteria of this family aiding in the breakdown of lactose to lactic acid and also the breakdown of other sugars. The production of lactic acid in the body provides acidic environment in the body which can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria. Acidophilus is also used in certain drugs. Bifidobacteria is also a beneficial group of bacteria and is present in the human digestive tract and helps in digestion as well as ; it has also shown some anti-tumor qualities. Some bacteria are beneficial in other ways like they are used in agriculture for plant growth and some are used for cleansing of water. (Jeremy & Simon 2004). Many of the emerging pathogens nowadays are waterborne i.e. they take birth in water. Cholera has been a known disease in the world and two emerging waterborne pathogens are Vibrio cholerae O139 and Escherichia Coli (E.coli O157:H7). E.coli has not only become a problem for the underdeveloped nations but has also become a problem for the developed ones. This bacterium would be discussed subsequently. Vibrio Cholerae O139 is a pathogen which first infected many of the people living in Asia. It started in Bengal and then spread to India in 1992 from where it entered the vicinities of Thailand. It is through different methods that these emerging pathogens are spreading all over the world giving a difficult time to the authorities who have not handled such cases previously (Sharma et al 2003; Smolinski et al 2003). Enterohemorrhagic Escerichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is the full name of the bacterium E. coli O157 which is a food and waterborne pathogenic strain of bacterium E. coli. The bacteria E. coli O157 was first known as a result of gastrointestinal illness in the early 1980s.

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS - Essay Example Due to time limitation, this problem has not been resolved yet and therefore, the application still requires to be fine tuned to allow it to be run through IIS rather than involving Visual Studio’s internal ASP.NET Development Server. Currently, this application’s backend, SQL Server 2005, does not store any data locally. It simply contains two linked servers which are called whenever the application requires carrying out some data operation – viewing, inserting and updating records. Excessive communication with linked servers may result in increase of network traffic, hence, minimizing the performance of only the application itself but of the entire corporate network as well. Therefore, it is very important to maintain some part of the data locally in SQL Server 2005 in order to reduce the network load by minimizing the communication with remote servers. This can be achieved through re-designing the database involving three key aspects – data fragmentation, data replication and data allocation. Data Fragmentation refers to the process of breaking up the database into logical units called fragments which can be stored at different sites. The simplest logical units are the table themselves (Padigela, n.d.). Fragmented or Partitioned refers to partitioning of database into disjoint fragments, with each fragment assigned to one site (no replication). This is also called ‘non-redundant allocation’ (Padigela, n.d.). Complete Replication involves maintenance of a complete copy of database at each site (no fragmentation) and therefore, storage costs and communication costs for updates are main drawbacks of this strategy. To overcome this, snapshots – a copy of the data at a given time – are used to update copies of database periodically (Padigela, n.d.). It was not easy to work on this coursework as it was extremely challenging and

Chapters 1-6 Summary of Forensic Science from the Crime Scene to the Essay

Chapters 1-6 Summary of Forensic Science from the Crime Scene to the Crime Lab - Essay Example These laws are applied so as to control the accomplishments of the forensic community. Forensic science is an enormous field that has a wide history of its appliance. The first documented autopsy belonged to Julius Caesar. This was during the 15th century that he produced his first textbook on forensics. In the book a murder occurred, and the murder weapon was identified by science. Times have developed, and forensic science is used in investigations to find out the causes of crimes. In the United States, a department of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was developed in the 1930s by J. Edgar Hoover, who is considered as the father of FBI. This department is used for investigating crime scenes and until today it mainly uses forensics science to come up with evidences. Edgar founded nation-wide laboratories to offer services in forensics. These crime laboratories delivered quality forensic services to all law implementation organisations in the United States. Thus, they play a significant role in providing proof of crimes by using fingerprints, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and may more. Forensic scientists visit crime scenes to gather and analyse evidence by collaborating with the investigators and define their findings through comprehensive written reports. When investigating a crime scene, one has to know ways on how to secure the scene, take a survey and how to search it in order to find evidence. Therefore, first one should establish the dimensions of the scene and find the potential health and safety risks. This can be done by locating the focal point. At the scene, safety is very vital all through the primary approach to the crime scene. Individuals should be keen on biohazards, weapons, chemical hazards and deliberate traps might be waiting for the responders. Hence, people on the scene including medics, coroners and fire fighters should be given advice on evidentiary

Strategic Management for AIB Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management for AIB - Case Study Example The significant difference of AIB's entry into the Polish market compared to its activities in the English-speaking countries of Ireland, UK and US points to this. Whereas the UK and US market entries were planned as niche-marketing strategies, the entry to the Polish market was opportunistic. It is questionable whether the diversity of the expansion that it undertook was underpinned by a real understanding of its own capabilities. In this sense, AIB's strategic management, while demonstrating flexibility, also lacked other desirable characteristics such as harmonisation, and concentration and coordination of resources (Thompson 2005) AIB's realisation that niche marketing would be a strong marketing tactic outside of Ireland is an indication of certain marketing strengths within the organisation. Coming from a generalist banking position within its country of origin, Ireland, AIB correctly avoided the trap of trying to be a generalist contender in other countries in Europe, especially as legislation at the time made it difficult for most banks to be a force outside of their own national boundaries (Johnson & Scholes 2007). AIB's niche marketing and beachhead strategy in the UK was an example of entrepreneurial marketing inspired by the understanding of focusing on one sector to differentiate their presence and to clearly position AIB in the UK (Ries & Trout 2001). Its move to replicate a successful UK model was a natural one. The US market was almost an order of magnitude bigger than even the UK market and the language was once again English. AIB had the sense to see that a further beachhead could be the Irish e xpatriate community and exploited this possibility successfully (Moore 2002). However, its failing once again in strategic management may have been in not recognising the fundamental differences in the US, already strongly deregulated compared to Ireland, the UK and Europe. The "halo effect" of a positive start in an specific context (serving the Irish community in the US), the unjustified assumption that speaking the same language meant playing by the same rules and omitting to take account of a substantial difference in distance and time zones may have been the factors that led to a markedly hands-off attitude by AIB Group in Dublin. Choice of strategy here was sub-optimal in terms of efficiency and communication, even if AIB managed to preserve the distinctiveness that had already served it well (Thompson 2005). The strategic management methods of AIB relating to its US operation of AllFirst seem all the more curious when compared to the way that the entry to the Polish market came about. AIB had had significant management involvement in Eastern Europe, admittedly as "position filling" initially for the World Bank, but which developed into a network of coordination and control, and possibly of management development (Harzing 2001). It was this network that was instrumental in the opportunity coming about to twin with a Polish Bank. With this management strength that was the result, AIB was in a natural position to reinforce control and beneficial exchange with its US operation. However it took the Rusnak trading scandal with AllFirst to open

Global Financial Crisis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Financial Crisis - Article Example The article further claims that financials problem could be avoided if people could have adopted the current economic models. Depending on the article's argument, financials problems have been brought about by people negligence. States have been neglecting the economic models which can help in resolving the economy. Currently, most of the states depend on others in order to get enough supply of goods and services. Many, countries have their foreign policy which governs their relationship with other states. The lack of an international organization to bring about a general foreign policy to govern all states as led to the lack of corporation in terms of international business. Conflict exists between some states, and this makes it difficult for the international business to take place. Due to increasing level of transnational and globalization activities countries needs to interact and share business difficult importation and exportation of products. The article states that the proble m will affect the livelihood of people in all corners of the world, and this is because people move to other states to seek employment and perform business. When one country is affected, it means that the whole world will be affected (Shah 2013). It is true that I am persuaded by the reading in this article because I have seen it happening. From the time to time, foreign currencies change their market status from being stable to unstable and vice versa (Shah 2013). The level of globalization has increased and without inclusion of the current economic model a country’s economy can decline. Those economic models which could have prevented financials crisis include qualitative models, stochastic and non-stochastic model.  

Marketing Managements Ability to Develop Essay Example for Free

Marketing Managements Ability to Develop Essay Main Forces in the Organisations Macroenvironment Macroenvironment: The larger societal forces that affect the whole microenvironment. The organisation and its microenvironment operate in a larg macroenvironment of forces that shape opportunities and pose threats to the organisation. The organisation must carefully watch and respond to these forces. The macro environment comprises of six main forces: 1. Demographic Forces: Demography is the study of human populations in terms size, density, location, age, sex, race, occupation and other statistics. The organisa my group discussed was McDonalds. The points we come up with involving demographic forces were:- As Australia has an aging population McDonalds co better tailor products this. As Australia is and is becoming more ofa multi cult society McDonalds need to be aware of the ethnic diversity in each region. 2. Economic Forces: The economic environment consists of factors that affect consumer buying power and spending patterns. Markets require buying power a well as people. Total buying power depends on current income, prices, savings an credit. Marketers should be aware of major trends in income and changing consu spending patterns. A range of products to meet all levels of income would be advantageous especially considering the recent global financial crisis where consumer spending was dramatically reduced. 3. Natural Forces

Emotions & the monster Essay Example for Free

Emotions the monster Essay Acceptance is very important in society, and the same perceptions apply just as much today as they did in the 1800s. It is part of human nature to make instant judgments, and to form first impressions of a person before you know what they are really like, and this is what happened to Frankensteins monster in this book. Although it is almost impossible to avoid making these snap decisions, they can almost always be changed later on, and put right once you get to know the person. Everyone wants to be accepted for who they are, regardless of appearances or stature, however this is not always the case. This can be related to the treatment the monster receives upon meeting other people. He is not the norm, and is undoubtedly ugly to look at, but that does not make him a bad person. Shelley manages to show this in such a way that the reader feels sorry for the monster, but we can see that it is something that is unlikely to change, as it is a normal part of society and human nature. Shelley shows her disgust at this harsh treatment through the monsters feelings, which are shared with Victor later on in the book, and it is as if the author is pouring out her emotions, rather than the monsters. The hideous figure, the disfigured stature of this monster is the first thing noticed by Victor Frankenstein. His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles. This reference to the monsters yellow skin depicts the same behaviour conducted in modern day racism. The colour of ones skin does not dictate the intelligence, attitude and personality of a person. Regardless of the yellow skin of the monster, which would repulse and overwhelm most people, there is no need to carry over that emotion to judge the monsters intellectual side. The mind and body are two very different things; human beings have yet to distinguish that fact. Mary Shelley clearly feels very strongly about this unfair prejudice in place in society, and has tried (very successfully) to show her readers just how unjust it really is. However, until people actually do something about it, it is just a part of society which we will probably never be entirely without. We may feel that it is wrong, but it will always be there, and it is something people have learnt to deal with in society. The novel, Frankenstein, actually reflects quite badly on the society in which Mary Shelley lived. It suggests that this type of behaviour was carrying on back then towards different people and was accepted as part of every day life. Humans have always and will continue to be scared of the unknown. Some might say that what you dont know about cant hurt you, but there is a sense of mystery and darkness behind unidentified things. This fear is ever increasing alongside the amount of horror films and novels, by which the general public is heavily influenced maybe sometimes too heavily. The public has always been influenced by the media, which is created by society, and with an increasing amount of stories and films out with the intention of scaring the audience, people are getting more and more prejudiced towards the unknown. Luckily this is counteracted by an increasing knowledge of other cultures and races, but Shelley lived in a society where people were still very ignorant about other people, and automatically assumed the worst. Although it is not shown outright, in Frankenstein, the monster actually experiences this fear as well as the villagers when he comes into their town. Their fears were of the same thing the unfamiliar; however their reactions were completely different. Some villagers threw rocks, and were trying to drive the monster away as if it was a worthless piece of society; others simply ran away in shock, screaming and scared. This is not justified by anything except his demeanor. The monster, on the other hand, did not reply in a violent manner at all, he just tried to hide from all people from then on. This just goes to show how much people are affected by small things in their life. One incident such as this could ruin an entire life, and the villagers did not realise just how selfish they were being. They did not think about his feelings, and left him to support himself, poor and defenseless. The public do not realise how much little things they may pass off as unimportant affect others, and in this case, society ruined the monsters life. From that moment and for the rest of his existence, the monster knew not to interfere with human beings, for their nature was clearly different to his. The monster, like all human beings, wanted to be accepted for his intellectual abilities and personality, and both him and humans have it in their nature to be afraid of the unknown, yet the villagers had an unmistakable advantage over the monster the monster was still innocent and nai ve, unsure of the world around him and ignorant of human nature. He was not accepted by anyone, purely because of his appearance. This fact is obvious as no one as yet had even had the chance to get to know the monsters personality, not even the monster himself had had this opportunity, because he could not speak and did not know anything about society. Therefore human nature plays an incredibly important role in the novel, because without it the villagers would probably have accepted the monster, and he would never have turned out how he did.

The post washington consensus development

The post washington consensus development There have been several discussions about whether or not the Washington consensus and the post Washington consensus (alos referred to as the new consensus) approach to development are fundamentally different approaches to development. The World Bank and International Monetary fund critics are quick to say both approaches are the same, and that the Washington consensus was just repackaged and given a new brand, name and identity in the Post Washington consensus development approach. Although it is easy to see how it can be assumed that the underlying fundamentals of the Washington consensus and the post Washington consensus are unchanged because the latter still encompasses the principles of the former that was generally a focus on market reform as the approach for growth and development. However, the fact that the post Washington consensus builds on market reform and includes various other elements ignored by the Washington consensus like institutional reform and good governance whic h are elements that extend the goals of the new consensus and enable it to promote ‘sustainable, egalitarian, and democratic development (Stiglitz 2001:17). These additions and extensive goals therefore make both approaches fundamentally different from one another, even though they both advocate market reform (which is where the similarities end). While the Washington consensus focused on the perfection of the market the post Washington consensus does the exact opposite, it points out market limitations and ways of correcting such limitations (Stiglitz 2001). The purpose of this paper is to illustrate just how different both approaches are by looking at the foundational economic theories they are built on, the components of both approaches and their methodology. The Washington consensus is an approach to development that involves various economic policy prescriptions that are designed to move an economy towards economic growth and development when implemented. They include ten basic polices that create a liberal market and economy. According to Williamson who coined the term and the originator of the list, they include: Macroeconomic stability (restoring fiscal discipline by controlling budget deficit) Redirecting expenditure (reduction of government spending) Tax Reform (involved increasing tax and value added tax.) Financial liberalization Unified Exchange rate (to encourage and ease trade) ‘Replacement of quantitative trade restrictions by Tariffs (trade liberalization) Abolishment of Barriers to entry of foreign direct investments (Liberalizes FDI) ‘Privatization of state owned enterprises (reduce government spending) Deregulation (reduce state interference) ‘Legal system should provide secure property rights (Williamson 2005: 35-42) The policies under the Washington consensus are designed to liberalize various sectors of an economy. They are also directed towards increasing market efficiency, productivity and growth. Not all the policies under the consensus are implemented at the same time and in most cases, there is a lot of mixing and matching done by the governments implementing these policies with a few policies being more popular than others. Williamson (2005: 43) notes that ‘(i)n terms of which reform(s) [policies] were most widely implemented, there have been widespread attempts to tighten fiscal policy, introduce extensive financial and trade liberalization, eliminate restrictions on foreign direct investment, and promote privatization and deregulation. These policies have earned the Washington consensus a bad reputation of increasing poverty because ‘adjustment and stabilization policies tend to depress real wages, as control over money wages is combined with devaluation (Stewart 1991:1849), unemployment coupled with other various adverse effects from such policies on the poor in a country lead to social decay. The failures of such policies are evident in various developing countries like Bolivia, Nigeria, and Zambia (discussed in Adefulu, 1991) whose economies after adopting stabilization and adjustment policies experienced stagnant or slow growth. These countries experienced worse situations than they were in before the implementation of the structural adjustment programme under the Washington consensus policies prescribed by the World Bank and the International monetary fund in the 1980s. The failure of this approach to development gave rise to creation of a new development approach know as the Post Washington consensus which also included some of the policies listed above in relation to its market reform component. However, it focused not just on economic growth through market reforms but also included elements to enhance social growth and welfare and thus encourag es sustainable development. It eased and monitored the effects of the market reform policies on the poor by paying attention to social issues and advocating the creation of safety nets. This new approach addressed areas that had been ignored by the Washington consensus and as a result of this, it provides a better-rounded approach to development. Unlike the Washington consensus: It aims at stabilizing the real economy as well as inflation It tries to improve financial sector regulation, rather than assuming that liberalization is the only game in town It includes competition policy It considers various mechanisms of improving government efficiency, rather than seeking to minimize governments role It focuses on improving human capital formation It seeks to increase the transfer of technology to developing countries. (Williamson, 2005:45) Including these accompanying elements to the market reform policies was based on the recognition that ‘[m]aking markets work requires more than just low inflation; it requires sound financial regulation, competition policy, and policies to facilitate the transfer of technology and to encourage transparency, to cite some fundamental issues neglected by the Washington consensus (Stiglitz, 2001:17). The emphasis placed on trade liberalization, deregulation, and privatization under the Washington consensus approach often lead policymakers to disregard the importance of various factors like competition, which contribute to the effectiveness of a market economy and which may be just as important as economic success (Stiglitz, 2001:20-21). The Washington consensus and Post-Washington consensus not only differ based on their development goals, the economic theories and principles on which they are based upon are from different schools of thought. The former based on the logic of Keynesian economics of liberalization and the mantra of lazzie faire allows the market to stabilize itself with little or more preferably no government intervention. The Washington consensus therefore was founded on the neo-classical economic theory centered on the idea of instrumental rationality (North 1995). Instrumental rationality implies that individuals in the market make decision in such a way that creates a perfect market. Their decisions are made based on factors that offer them maximum utility. Under instrumental rationality it is assumed that ‘values are accepted and given as constant, objective decision of the world as it is can be postulated and.. decision makers computational powers are unlimited (North, 1995:7) thus when an imperfection arises in the market because of this factors, the market will correct the imperfections itself. Therefore, there is no need for government intervention. Under this approach government, interference is seen to disturb the flow of the market and impede its efficiency and growth of the economy. The Post-Washington consensus is however eclectic, drawing from the logic of different economic principles. It draws from both the principles of the new development economics, and the new institutional economics (NIE) which understand and value the role the state plays in the regulation of market functions. New development economics according to Ben Fine (2006) was created to accommodate the shift towards the post Washington Consensus. It extends beyond only economic principles and includes other fields of study like sociology and non-economic factors. It also places emphasis on market imperfections and asymmetrical information amongst parties in a market. In this theory in ‘contrast to economic approach, institutions, customs, as well as economic and social structures are taken seriously rather than presumed to be equivalent to as an â€Å"as if† market situation (Fine, 2006 :8) NIE advocates the significance of institutions, and their importance in solving the problem of transaction costs that may exists in the market due to asymmetrical information. Institutions are an important aspect because they â€Å"are the rules of the game of a society, or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that structure human interaction† (North, 1995: 23). They could be formal in the sense of laws created to govern and informal based on norms. The post- Washington consensus as a development approach recognises the fact that markets in developing countries often carry a high cost of transaction, which deters investment and slows down market productivity. Transaction costs arising from asymmetrical information will often lessen confidence in the market and cause insecurity. To remedy the problem institutions are required because; ‘â€Å"efficient institutions lessen insecurity and thereby increase readiness to invest†'(North,1991 in German Fed Ministry, 2004: 7). ‘Over the long term, dynamic growth processes can only be sustained when institutions exist that encourage the growth of productivity and guarantee a high degree of stability, that is, reduce vulnerability to external shocks. (German Fed Ministry, 2004: 7) Another difference between both development approaches is in relation to their view on state intervention in the market. The Washington consensus approach views government intervention as an interference with â€Å"market perfection†. Under this approach, the market will resolve its problems and set the right price, and government or state intervention disrupts this ability and therefore create imperfections and inefficiency. A good illustration is of African countries like Nigeria and Ghana who after independence interfered with the export markets using commission boards and â€Å"monosponies† (singles buyer where there are many sellers) for their agricultural products (discussed in Bates 1981). The boards had an influence on market prices and could afford to be inefficient because the cost of inefficiency could be easily transferred from the states board to the farmers and consumers (Bates 1981). This supports the Neo-liberal view that when states are involved in mark ets, macroeconomic rationality if foregone for their preference of macroeconomic policy instruments. The Washington consensus follows the policy of a non-interventionist state or one with minimal role in markets. The post Washington consensus however, draws from the example of the East Asian countries miracle (which attributes most of its success to state intervention in markets) and promotes the importance of government intervention because of imperfections that already exist within the market. It advocates that the state regulate the market through the creation of institutions, legal framework, and property rights. All of which will solve the problems that exist in an imperfect market like inadequate flow of information and allow proper contracts to be drawn between transacting partners. The government according to the logic of the post Washington consensus ‘should serve as a compliment to markets, undertaking actions that make markets work better and correcting market failu res (Stiglitz, 2001:41). The Washington consensus approach to development as mentioned previously wanted little or no state intervention and disregarded the role of the state. The post Washington consensus approach however, values state role so much so that the approach includes elements designed to better the governance of a developing state in the form of good governance and democracy. Under this new consensus because the state is seen as an important factor for growth and development, it provides for the reform of the state itself. The post Washington consensus recognises the fact that most developing countries are faced with government inefficiency, corruption and bureaucracy. The approach therefore proposes that states should practice good governance, which entails democracy, transparency, and rule of law to mention a few. The post-Washington consensus approach to development considers the practice of good governance as a pre-requisite for sustainable economic growth and development. Under this approach , states role, efficiency or lack thereof and politics is taken into consideration for development purposes, while the Washington consensus approach lacks this attention to governance issues. The disregard for state issues is due to ‘[n]eo-liberalisms skepticism of the state and autonomous exaltation of individual [and the view that] the stateneeds to be extricated from the marketEconomic reforms accordingly take priority over political reforms and civil liberties (Abrahamsen, 2000:30) under the Washington consensus. The post Washington consensus approach to development considers factors outside of economics for instance education and health care. This is another fundamental difference between it and the Washington consensus. The new consensus values the importance of such elements to the development process unlike the Washington consensus that disregards them. Under the new consensus, there is an understanding that development needs to be sustainable and in this regard, it provides for elements that carry it in that direction. Education allows for the development of human capital and the society. If the people are developed, they can move development along by making valuable contributions in the society. According to Stiglitz (2001:46), ‘promoting human capital isa policy that can help promote economic development, equality, participation and democracy. The East Asian countries for instance Japan (Stiglitz, 2001) placed an emphasis on educating its citizens by making basic education compul sory make viable examples of how educating a countrys citizens can contribute to sustainable economic growth and development. Social aspects like education ignored by the Washington consensus is regarded an important element of the post Washington consensus approach. The post Washington consensus approach to development is created in a way that ensures its effects are long-term on the economy as supposed to the short-term effect of the Washington consensus. It achieves this because of its broader goal and dedication to issues outside the realm of economics and the market. According to Stiglitz (2001:68) ‘The new development strategy takes as its core objective development, the transformation of society, this fact and its inclusion of social factors as part of the development agenda ensures that it encourages sustainable development and not only the growth of gross domestic product (GDP). Participation and sense of ownership is another aspect in which both approaches to development have fundamental differences. The Washington consensus approach pays little or no attention to fostering the sense of owner ship instead it reduced state ownership through the heavy promotion of instant privatization. The post Washington consensus on the other hand recognizes that fostering a sense of ownership and participation of developing country governments and its people has an effect on how effective the programs being adopted will be. The government has to implement the development programs that have been recommended by international institutions and if the developing country feel like they are in control and have an opinion about the changes going on in their country they might ensure that the programmes are implemented effectively and not on a superficial level. Lack of proper implementation on part of developing nations government is one explanation offered by the World Bank as a reason for the failure of the structural adjustment programs under the Washington consensus. By including a sense of ownership and encouraging participation, the post Washington agenda ensures that the new approach to development does not face the same problem. The differences between both approaches also extend to how their various components are implemented. For instance, privatization, which is an element of both development strategies as a part of the market reform component of the Washington and Post Washington consensus, has been implemented and understood differently under both approaches. The concept of privatization under the Washington Consensus was to reduce government spending and deficit while removing inefficient state enterprises and creating economic stability. Sale of state owned companies would create revenue and competition between private owners would make enterprises more efficient and more productive therefore it had to be immediate. The post Washington consensus however views privatization as something that has to occur gradually, most importantly after the necessary institutions that would enhance competition has been put in place and not before. The premise for this is that just because public enterprises are made p rivate does not guarantee their efficiency because if the proper institutions were not in place to encourage their efficiency they would not be as productive as expected. The post Washington consensus is however not against privatization, as Stiglitz (2001:38) comments: ‘The Washington consensus is right- privatization is important. The government needs to devote its scarce resources to areas where private sector does not and is not likely to enter. The new consensus is in support of privatizing public enterprises that are unnecessary and can be undertaken by the private sector with institutions to aid its efficiency already in place. Nonetheless, the approaches to privatization under both development programs are different. Both approaches though having a common goal, which is to bring about growth and development, go about it in different ways and have different fundamentals. The Washington consensus approach to development places emphasis on economic growth through increase in GDP levels and market reform. Its fundamental objective is to make market forces more efficient and increase productivity within the economy. This approach is a strong advocate for policies involving deregulation, privatization and stabilization. The post- Washington consensus approach (devised after failure of the previous consensus) on the other hand focuses on development through societal transformation. This approach goes beyond the market approach of the Washington consensus to include broader goals and social factors like health care and education. The new consensus core objective is a more equal, egalitarian and democratic type of development (Stiglitz, 2001:17). The broader goals and objectives pursued under the post-Was hington consensus makes it fundamentally different from the Washington Consensus approach to development. Bibliography Abrahamsen, Rita (2000). Disciplining democracy: development discourse and good governance in Africa. London: Zed books. p23-65. Adefulu, R. A. (1991). African Debt Crisis and the IMF Adjustment Programmes: the Experiences of Ghana, Nigeria and Zambia. In: Renee Prendergast and H.W. Singer Development Perspectives for the 1990s (pp. 37-58). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Ajit Singh. (1998). Competitive Markets and Economic Development: A commentary on World Bank analyses. In: Phillip Arestis and Malcom Swayer The Polictical Economy of Economic Policies. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.. 60-105. Bates H. Robert. (1981). Polices Towards Cash Crops for Exports. In: Barry and Popkin Markets and states in Tropical Africa: the political basis of agricultural policies. Berkeley: University of California Press. 11-29. Brohman J. (1995). Economism and critical silences in Development Studies: A theoretical critique of neo-liberalism. Third World Quarterly. 16 (2), p297-318. Cammack, Paul. (2004). What the World Bank means by Poverty Reduction. New Left Review. 9 (2), 189-104 Fine, Ben. (2006). The new development economics. In: Ben Fine, Jomo K. S. The new development economics: after the Washington Consensus. 2nd ed. London: Zed Books. p1-20. Fine, Ben. (2001). Neither the Washington nor post Washington consensus: introduction. In: Ben Fine, Costas Lapavitsas, Jonathan Pincus Development policy in the twenty-first century: beyond the post-Washington. New York: Routledge. p4-15. German Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2004). Post-Washington-Consensus- A Few Thoughts. Available: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEDS05/Resources/PostWashingtonConsensus-englisch-04-2004.pdf. Last accessed 15 January 2010. Gore Charles. (2000). The Rise and Fall of the Washington Consensus as a Paradigm for Developing Countries. World Development. 28 (5), p789-804. Lal Deepak. (1995). Misconceptions of. In: Corbridge, S Development Studies. New York: Arnold. 56-63. Moseley P.. (1991). World Development and International Finanace since 1970. In: Moseley P, J Toye, and Harrigan J Aid and power: the World Bank and policy-based lending. London: Routledge. p3-25. North Douglass. (1995). The new institutional economics and Third World development. In: John Harriss, Janet Hunter, Colin M. Lewis The new institutional economics and Third World development. London: Routledge. p17-26. Stewart Frances. (1991). The Many Faces of Adjustment. World Development. 19 (12), p1847-1864. Stiglitz, Joseph. (2001). More Instruments and Broader Goals: Moving Toward the Post-Washington Consensus. In: Ha-Joon Chang Joseph Stiglitz and the World Bank: the rebel within. 1st ed. New York: Anthem. p17-56. Stiglitz, Joseph. (2001). Towards a new Paradgim for Development:Strategies, Policies, and processes. In: Ha-Joon Chang Joseph Stiglitz and the World Bank: the rebel within. 2nd ed. New York: Anthem. p57-93. Tornquist, O. (2001). The Primacy of Institutions. In: Tornquist Olle Politics and Development. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications. p86-102. Van Wayenburg Elisa. (2006). From Washington to post washington: illusion of development. In: Ben Fine, Jomo K. S. The new development economics: after the Washington Consensus. 2nd ed. London: Zed Books. p21-45. Williamson, John. (2005). The Washington Consensus as Policy Prescription for Development. In: Timothy BESLEY Roberto Zagha Development Challenges in the 1990s. WashingtonDC: World Bank Oxford University press. 31-57. Williamson J. (1993). Democracy and the Washington Consensus. World Development. 21 (8), p1329-1336. World Bank. (1997). Fostering Markets:Liberalization, Regulation, and Industrial Policy. In: World Bank World Development Report: the state in a changing world. New York: Oxford University Press. p61-75. World Bank. (1994). Moving Towards sound Macro economic policies. In: World Bank Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results, and the Road Ahead. New York: Oxford University Press. 43-59 World Bank. (1994). Reforming the Public Sector. In: World Bank Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results, and the Road Ahead. New York: Oxford University Press. 99-125 World Bank. (1994). The Road Ahead for Adjustment. In: World Bank Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results, and the Road Ahead. New York: Oxford University Press. 181-219.

Media and Physical Appearance Essay -- Advertising Commercials Essays

Media and Physical Appearance I would not say that I am a slave of advertising or consumer culture, but I have always paid relatively close attention to the commercials I see on television and in magazines. Because of this trait, I would say that I am fairly perceptive of the various methods employed by advertisers, and the messages they attempt to convey. The majority of these messages I discard, and very rarely do I allow them to influence what I do and do not buy. There is one ad, however, that I remember to this day, and which I admit has dictated what I buy in one specific area. Even now, I remember the commercial quite vividly, although I was probably in elementary school when I first saw it. The ad featured a handsome teenager talking about his experience in starting a new school. A few days before the first day of classes, he breaks out with a bad case of acne. Terrified, he imagines his social life for the remainder of high school as one dominated by weekend nights watching cheesy movies at home w ith his parents. Miraculously, though, he is saved from this social hell by Oxy facial cleansing products. With a clear face, he is able to start school on the right note, making friends with other attractive adolescents. The commercial closes with him saying, â€Å"keep America beautiful,† as Oxy’s line of skin care products shows up on the screen. For some reason, this ad and its message stuck with me, and I have loyally used Oxy products ever since. While extremely effective, this ad was hardly original in its methods. Instead, it relied on the same techniques perfected nearly a century earlier during the revolution in American advertising. As early as 1923, the Lambert Pharmaceutical Company was ... ...success of each of these campaigns though, there is little wonder as to why advertising has changed so little. As long American ethos embodies the notion that physical appearance, and financial and social success are directly correlated, advertisers will continue to create demand for products that alleviate physical and hygienic ailments by simply manipulating the public’s fear of them. Works Cited http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/dynaweb/adaccess/beauty/hairprep1940s/@Generic __BookTextView/. Marchand, Roland. Advertising the American Dream. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. Schudson, Michael. Advertising, The Uneasy Persuasion. United States of America: Basic Books, 1986. Special thanks to John W. Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising, and Marketing History, and Duke University’s Rare Book, Manuscript and Special Collection Library.

A Balanced Budget? :: essays research papers fc

A Balanced Budget? This year President Clinton will submit his proposed legislation for the Federal Budget to Congress. The fact that we have divided government (ex., Democratic President, Republican majority in Congress) means the majority of that legislation won't make it through the first ten minutes of a Congressional session. The President in turn will veto legislation presented to him by Congress. The whole situation is a vicious, never ending circle. Each side is looking out for their own best interests, and after years, even decades of this the United States has a huge budget deficit. Is there a solution to all this madness? Is it feasible to balance the Federal Budget? Every politician on Capitol Hill claims to have the answer. The Federal Government goes as far to employ some of the most renowned economist's in the world to try to solve the deficit mess, and they still haven't figured it out. The budget simulation exercise by The Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget provided choices Congress has to use as its guide for the upcoming year. How hard can it be to balance the budget I thought? After doing the exercised I realized the title of the simulation exercise, "The FY 1997 Budget: An Exercise in Hard Choices," could not have been more appropriate. It is possible though to balance the Federal Budget, provided you follow 3 simple rules. First you must decide what you feel is important, then cut without consciousness, and if that doesn't work, alter your baseline. Important Choices When deciding on what I thought was important to protect in the budget, I felt like a politician myself. I protected my own self interests. First up was Defense. The fact that I am in the Marine Officer Program weighed heavily on my decision to increase Defense spending by 17.6 billion (all amounts in billions, unless noted), following the Congressional Budget Resolution. The President's plan just didn't provide enough capital, the Congressional Black Caucus/Progressive Caucus would basically wipe out my career before it even starts, and I just can not have that. Next up is Education. Without the direct student loan program, I would have no way to fund my education other than going to some bank and going through the demeaning process of begging a loan officer to lend me money for school. I feel a sense of loyalty to the President on this issue, because without this program I would still be doing concrete construction back home in Indiana. As a result, I voted to increase Educational spending 33.4.My other concern or problem area is Administration of Justice.

Evaluation of Sources Addressing Sleep and Performance Essay -- Resear

Evaluation of Sources Addressing Sleep and Performance Sleep loss and shifting sleep patterns are known to be widespread across college campuses throughout the United States and the world at large. Yet, while many studies exist relating sleep to performance, a much smaller amount of studies focus on the Through analysis of these sources as they would prove useful when researching and writing upon the idea of sleep and its correlation to academic performance it was found that a paper titled â€Å"Sleep-Wake Patterns and Academic Performance in University Students†, which was presented to the European Conference on Educational Research, is overall the most useful source represented to research the topic. While points, claims, and statistics may be found within all of the sources used for the research, the sheer amount of referenced studies and works within the â€Å"Sleep-Wake† paper lends weight to it’s usefulness as a reliable source. One of the otherfactor of sleep and its affect within the college community. Three sources varying in criteria and usefulness were found that related to this subject and were studied. sources, â€Å"College Students try to Cheat Sleep Needs†, a college newspaper, offers basic facts and elementary assumptions such that could be found within any biology textbook or encyclopedia. These references are to such things as sleep cycles and sub stages and the general consequences of an out of balance sleep cycle. The study from the Biological Rhythm Research writers, however, hints at previous studies and findings that â€Å"several factors, such as social and academic demands, part-time jobs, [...] affect the sleep-wake cycle of college students.† but then only states the findings of a particular study, and does so in... ...tive sources. As seen by its thoroughness, and attention to detail and reliability by its specialized writers, this paper is the most useful location for information regarding the topic. Works Cited Anderson, Ph.D., Keith J. â€Å"College Students try to Cheat Sleep Needs.† Polytechnic Online. 13 Feb. 2002. 2 Feb. 2004. . Gomes, Ana Allen, Jose Taveres, and Maria Helena Azevedo. â€Å"Sleep-Wake Patterns and Academic Performance in University Students.† 7 Oct. 2002: 7. Education-Line Database. 2 Feb. 2004. Medeiros, Ana Ligia D., et al. â€Å"Relationships Between Sleep-Wake Cycles and Academic Performance in Medical Students.† Biological Rhythm Research. 32.2 (2001): 263-270. 2 Feb. 2004. .

Precis: Graphic Design Theory “Design and Reflexivity”

Precis: Graphic Design Theory â€Å"Design and Reflexivity† by Jan van Toorn, 1994. Verbal and Visual Rhetoric, University of Baltimore Publication Design Master's Program, Spring, 2011 Dutch graphic designer Jan van Toorn is known for his radical ideas about what the function of design should be, and what qualities designers should possess and promote with their designs. Van Toorn’s distinctive style is messy, peculiar, and deeply interwoven with political and cultural messages, unapologetic with their intent to force critical thinking upon viewers.Van Toorn advocates design which encourages the viewer to reach their own conclusions, insisting that designers shouldn’t function as objective bystanders, but instead, designers have an important contribution to make. Design is a form of visual journalism and van Toorn urges designers to take responsibility for their role as â€Å"journalists. † Van Toorn begins his argument by stating that all professions con tain a certain level of schizophrenia––inescapable contradictions, including graphic design, which must balance the interest of the public with the interests of the client and the general expectations of the media profession.To survive, design must â€Å"strive to neutralize these inherent conflicts of interest by developing a mediating concept aimed at consensus [†¦. ] to accepting the world image of the established order as the context for its own action. † (Page 102, first paragraph) By reconciling the differences of various ideals and opinions, and establishing a cultural norm, design develops a â€Å"practical and conceptual coherence† in mass media, thereby legitimizing itself––legitimized â€Å"in the eyes of the social order, which, in turn is confirmed and legitimized by the contributions that design make to symbolic production. (Page 102, second paragraph) The cultural industry, comprised of corporations, the wealthy, the edu cated, and the powerful elite, dictate to the rest of society what is popular, distasteful, and overall socially acceptable, imprisoning design in a false sense of reality. Design becomes stagnant as it conforms to the ideals put forth by the ruling class. Van Toorn refers to this stagnation as â€Å"intellectual impotence† and designers tend to deal with it in two ways.Designers either resist the assimilation into popular culture by attempting to redefine or â€Å"renew the vocabulary† or they integrate smoothly into the â€Å"existing symbolic and social order. † (Page 103, first paragraph) The lines separating these two approaches have become blurred with the rise of post-modernism and proliferation of niche marketing, as competitors try to distinguish themselves. Van Toorn observes that â€Å"official design continues to be characterized by aesthetic compulsiveness and/or by a patriarchal fixation or reproductive ordering. (Page 103, second paragraph) Van T oorn then begins to examine what he refers to as â€Å"symbolic productions,† specifically ads, commercials, etc. , which misrepresent reality. These symbolic productions are ideological instruments, serving private interest in the guise of a universal one. (Page 103, last paragraph) The so-called â€Å"dominant culture† doesn’t serve to integrate different social classes; rather, it contributes to the facade of an integrated society, by forcing all other cultures to define themselves by an established set of rules, fostering a â€Å"communicative dependency. (Page 104, first paragraph) Van Toorn argues that everyday life is falsely represented and causes tension between ethics and symbolism. In order to make what van Toorn refers to as an â€Å"oppositional cultural production,† the designer must take care not to create a specific alternative to an established convention, but to simply present it in a creative and new way, while keeping the universally accepted concept intact.A designer’s opportunity to upset the status quote can only be sought when a political or ideological shift is underway, which results in â€Å"creating new public polarities,† usually targeting real social problems. (Page 104, last paragraph) Now the designer can encourage an oppositional stance, one that goes against the communicative order. The ultimate goal of this approach is to evoke questions and reflection among the public and encourage a more pragmatic view of reality, forcing them to identify their own needs and desires.Van Toorn cautions that despite the ever-changing nature of culture, design has to be â€Å"realistic in its social ambitions. † (Page 105, paragraph 3) The awareness of the unstable relationship between the symbolic and the real world requires a high level of discernment and critical thinking ability. Design must recognize â€Å"substance, program, and style as ideological constructions, as expressions of restr icted choices that only show a small sliver of reality in mediation. † (Bottom of page 105, to top of page 106)

Blood Bank

Blood bank Although there are any complicated instruments in the blood bank department, but it’s a very important and sensitive section of the medical laboratory as it deals with donors and acceptors of the blood, it transfer for leukemia and thalasemia patients, new born and cancer patients and so many cases blood bank save their lives. Tests that are carried in this department: 1- Some tests, which included donated free of diseases, serology tests 2- blood grouping 3- rhesus factor†Rh† 4- direct & indirect coombs test 5- cross matching 1-serology testsTo ensure that donated free of infectious diseases as HIV, Hbs, VDRL These tests are rabid tests using a card [pic] 2- blood grouping Red blood cells contain on their surface on Ag A,B, and the have their antibodies in the serum on the same red blood cells. That means, that every blood group can give a specific other group and receive also from a specific one in order to avoid agglutination and so blood clotting. [p ic] Method 1: On a slide put two drops of blood- -Add a drop of anti A on the first blood drop, and a drop af anti B on the second blood drop – mix and wait for 2 minutes – observe the agglutination if happened with anti A the blood group is A [pic] You can use a test tube instead of the slide, and then put the tubes in the centrifuge and watch the agglutination found 3- Rhesus factor â€Å"Rh† Is a complex antigen â€Å"D† found on the red blood cells and has its anti in the serum of the blood. 85 % are Rh + which has D in their blood Its very dangerous if persons, which are Rh negative received Rh positive it makes agglutinations, and may lead to death. Method : -As in the blood grouping -Put a drop of blood + a drop of anti D Mix together, observe the agglutination – -If found any agglutinations, its Rh positive. -direct & indirect coombs test This test is carried out to detect the presence of incomplete antibodies, which would react with double of complete antigen making a clot. And these are very serious and dangerous cases. A- direct coombs test Detect antibodies reactive with RBCs and conjoined Bhaotkon these objects is incomplete and not have the ability to cause coagulation alone and shows Taktherha only after the addition of serum Coombs. This test is very important in diagnosis many cases, the most popular is â€Å"Hemolytic anemia of new born†, lead poisoning, some drugs, inherited hemolytic anemia.Method: -Add drops of blood in a test tube and wash using saline 2-3 times( â€Å"wash† as the word means, add saline to the blood and through the filtrate 2-3 times making a bloody suspension) – add 2 drops to the washed Rbcs, and put the tube in the centifuge – examine the formation of any agglutination first with nacked eyes then using microscope. – if found it’s a positive coombs test B- indirect coombs test: to detect the presence of free antigens in the blood, not attached to red blood cells. Method: – prepare a sample of blood group O+ and wash with saline 2-3 times 2- put drops of patient serum in a test tube, add 2 drops of washed O+ blood 3- put in a water bath for 40-60 minutes 4- after 50 minutes add â€Å"bovine serum albumin† to the tube 5- wash again with saline 3-4 times 6- add 2 drops of coombs anti human globuline, and then put into centrifuge 7- observe the presence of agglutination 8- if found before add coombs reagent = presence of anti D 9- If found after add coombs reagent= presence of incomplete anti D 10- If not found at all= negative test. [pic] -cross matching The cross matching test is very important in case of blood transfusion from donors to acceptors as the blood group and Rh should be identical to each other. So sample of blood of donor and acceptor is added to each other and checking for any formation of clotting, if found that indicates that they are not suitable for each other At first the blood group and th e Rh type is detected before carring out the cross matching, and they should be identical Simply add drop of donor blood + drop of acceptor blood and mix well and watch for agglutinations formedIf any agglutination formed that’s means the donor and acceptor blood are not identical The figure below explain the procedure briefly. [pic] Blood bags colors: For keeping blood bags colors are as follows: Red is the color of blood is used to save the type (o) Yellow color is used to save the blood of type (a) Green color is used to save the blood of type (b) Blue color is used to save the blood of the type (ab) This poster, which shows color should clarify the patient's name and for keeping the blood bag and the type of preservative and temperature required to save the blood and the name of the hospital blood and date of preparation.Anticoagulants used in blood bags: Is non-clotting materials added to the blood bags Blood Bag These materials vary its chemical content, which in turn a ffect the period of keeping the blood. 1 – Material CPD: It knows its components citrate phosphate dextrose and that preserve blood for 21 days after mixing blood, under colder than 2-6 degrees Celsius. 2 – Article CPDA: They are the materials the previous addition of adenine, which in turn kept the blood for 29 days in the same previous methods. 3 – Article CPDA-I: This article reservation blood for 35 days ,save the whole blood.These three materials used amount of 63 cm ? full unit of blood is added about 400-450 cm ? of whole blood by withdrawing blood from the donor. Where that blood saves temperatures of 2-6 degrees Celsius private refrigerators to save the blood. 4 – SAG-M material or substance ADSOL: used to save the concentrated red blood cells for a period of 42 days degrees cooler than 2-6 degrees Celsius. This method using a 100 cm ? the sag-m or ADSOL be present unit separate from the whole blood units and connected pipe tight and sterile.As t he blood drawn from the donor and mixes textured CPD usual and after by the apartheid regime through centrifugal force refrigerated centrifugation separates blood plasma to the unit empty neighboring unit blood then keep red blood cells concentrated alone which are added directly 100 cm ? of the foregoing adsol / sag-m to keep red blood cells to centralize for a period of 42 days. 5 – Article Djileerool glycerol: Reservation concentrated red blood cells for a period of 15 years or more and under cooler from 65 to 200 degrees Celsius below zero.This modern way used to freeze red blood cells concentrated from rare species or negative and is dissolving blood frozen after that when usage and the need for washing cells red, textured saline-glucose solution to remove material Djileerool of blood and then later used these red blood cells to patients. The means of blood plasma and sludge near, it is frozen in freezers less degree cold out to about 30 to 35 degrees below zero and one year AD full, but platelets, they kept for five days in a continuous motion to prevent damage, and the degree of conservation of 20-22 degrees Celsius.Types of Blood Transfusion Blood Transfusion: Full blood transfusion whole blood: The simplest kinds of transport where blood is taken from the donor and kept in the fridge at a temperature close to almost 8 degrees. Which is used during times of emergency, But loses its anti-bleeding elements. Transfer plasma: As we know consists of blood â€Å"red blood cells + plasma† If red blood cells transport oxygen. The tasks of the plasma containing elements prevent blood clots. And thus will be useful for many patients and gives better results and faster as patients liver.As well as a pint of pure plasma is easier on the body of a mixed-liter of whole blood. Transfer platelets: It is relatively more expensive and needs modern major hospitals. Or be separated manually through lab technician but needs a sterile room at 100%, which may b e difficult to get it continuously. The mean platelet extract â€Å"only† from the donor and returned the rest of the blood â€Å"plasma + erythrocytes† donated to the same moment. It is suitable for patients who suffer from a shortage of blood platelets, which help heal wounds. Refrigerators Blood Bank: You will find two types of refrigerators: – refrigerators for keeping blood bags full whole blood: And often have gate transparent glass shelves. Each rack of a particular department or certain species. There is, for example, a special rack Balveselh A-or there is a special rack, Department of Orthopedic.. Each section has a share of the blood bags. There is a special rack emergency. Wharf special surplus â€Å"given any section†. Refrigerator temperature appears on a small digital screen. In addition, the average temperature of 8 degrees Celsius. 2 – refrigerators to save plasma bags: temperature of about 43 below zero ..Because plasma contain ele ments prevent icing and prevent bleeding and proteins need to lower temperatures to save Blood transfusion bags: Per bag hose blogger called â€Å"tube†, Recorded in the book Blood Bank. As an example: No. This bag is hose 123456a .. And on each paper bag writable. Adzun â€Å"name of the donor† and â€Å"the name of the patient† and â€Å"taking blood† and â€Å"blood†. Daily and periodically examine the contents of refrigerators of blood bags and review its date. In the event of termination validity blood bag is left out of order execution .. Blood bags execution: Be executed â€Å"get rid† of blood in two cases.Either analyzes showed that the donor patient in one of the viruses â€Å"hepatitis or AIDS or syphalis† Or â€Å"expiration blood†. Collect the bags to be culled in environmental bags â€Å"red†. And closes tightly car to take them medical waste to get rid of them safely through the burning in special containe rs .. Books of blood transfusion: All data is recorded books, Name of the donor, blood type and result of the analysis and the compatibility and tube. When asked for any blood bag section. The technician or doctor reviewed the book and the contents of the fridge and writes a receipt or revenue blood bag, such as banks completely

Liting Wang

Liting Wang Professor Feindert ENGWR 48016 April 2018 Critique of â€Å"There Is Need to Review Our Education System† â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world†, saidNelson Mandela. The Africa News Service published the article â€Å"There Is Need to ReviewOur Education System† on April 1, 2009 by Rhoda Kalema, a well-known author and titleholder of ‘Uganda's Forum for Women in Democracy as a transformative leader 1996.' The article looks at some pressing issues that the education system of Uganda currently faces. There have been no proper mechanisms to expect high-quality education offered in the country. First, she explains that the experience of educated people shows their fear towards the future to come of the present-day education around the world. If people do not have good education, they will not have a bright future. As a result, a country like Uganda might fall back and will be left veryweak. It will affect the country's improvement in many ways. Second, she suggests that the education administration should start focusing on this situation. In addition, both learners' and teachers face challenges that make it impossible for the education system to be ranked anywhere in the world. The government is aware of these challenges but offers no solution. Through critique, the key issues facing the primary, secondary, and vocational education in Uganda are examined. There is no definite opinion from the author that is currently viable to revive the whole situation. The author fails to mention the mechanisms that have fuelled the failure of the education system but only comes up with assumptions. Even though the article could be persuasive to an extent because of the clear organization, the posting's lack of sources and evidences, grammatical issues, vague terms, and weak arguments confuse readers. The article has a clear organization following an introduction, and lists the main points as subheadings, and a conclusion. Although the author has clear points in the article, she does not provide enough evidence and sources to support them. The author organizes the article into sections and follows with examples which is effective because it is effortless for readers to understand the ideas. However, the article does not include any sources and examples from other authors. â€Å"This would call for the Government to improve on the few available vocational institutions, build many new and modern ones, and create regional vocational and technical instructors training colleges† (Paragraph 8). This and a few other examples appear to like her personal opinions and her thoughts because sources are missing. Readers cannot trust the author easily. Additionally, the body paragraphs do not have transitional words, so the article does not flow well. Numerous grammar and punctuation mistakes are evident all over the article. For instance, the author presents a non-standard question â€Å"Why then stop a parent from feeding his/her child? And why stop a headteacher and his staff their role to plan school meals for their students?† (Paragraph 17). Several grammatical errors show failure to proofread some of the sentences. For instance, in paragraph 5 she mentions: The Ministry of Education should invite retired and current educationists forconsultations, [sic] also the non-governmental organizations with the YouthDevelopment Programmes could be consulted. The education syllabus development, most importantly needs experienced and interested persons in this field and not only the appointed civil servants and technocrats.She does not avoid vague terms and presents them without any explanation. For example, she writes â€Å"Teach the young people skills and they will never be lost children† (Paragraph 7). ‘Skills' is a vague term which needs more specification. Another example of vague word choices is â€Å"Since this statement cannot be easily refuted, then we should mourn the future of our country† (Paragraph 2). The word ‘easily' could have been improved. Some of the author's arguments are presented in random and visually uncluttered manner. The author presents most of her points with no illustrations or citations. The author points out the most exciting factors in the education system. For example, â€Å"Everyone in the country and even those outside who have ever experienced a balanced education about 25-30 years ago is in pain over what is happening in the education sphere† (Paragraph 1). As evident from the article, there is no evidence of any citation where the author got the information from, and this puts into question the credibility of her information. The author uses weak arguments to make logical appeals. For example, â€Å"Then at one time about 3,500 or 350 were crossed off the payroll (shortly after they were reinstated, so we read.)† (Paragraph 10). The strength of this posting is rooted in the author's inability to bring out points to illustrate the failures that are evident to every reader of the article. Anything that contributes to meeting the huge needs of the education systems in Africa is positive, such as programs or projects driven by people who want to serve the general good of the country in the area. The impression that one gets is that there is a desire to be involved in proposing the beginnings of a solution, a standard foundation for teaching that will integrate specific local features and at the same time will train future citizens of an interconnected and culturally mixed world. A change of school learning system will reflect this concept, and it is an interesting one. The author points out the importance of reviewing the education system by giving an example of what needs to be done. â€Å"What we need is the Government to devote a sizeable portion of the budget to education in 2009-2010, construct double, and triple floor classrooms in the existing schools. Only then will our education system be on the right track.† (Paragraph 21). Moreover, everyone in the country and even those that have been lucky to secure jobs outside the country never experienced a balanced education about 25-30 years ago, and it is for this reason that they are in pain over what is happening in the education system. (Paragraph 1). Nevertheless, she fails to point out what is bothering them is and that Uganda's future is doomed to be. The author should provide a more detailed example and offer insight into what vocational and technical institutions focus. Summing up the topic, in general, does not provide any help to the government as the government requires a practical approach to issues not only a theoretical approach. The author does not explain that the revised curriculum needs to focus on the vocational and technical teaching, to provide skills together with the academic learning. In conclusion, the author has managed to create a list of reasons that would help the government and relevant stakeholders argue their case mostly for naught. While like-minded individuals can pull some rhetorical questions to get others thinking, there is little offered in the way of credible argument material. The author also fails to suggest that conspirators and cartels in government hard are working to manufacture a crisis in educational reform. Policy elites are not knowingly falsifying evidence or collectively coming to a secret agreement about how to terrify the public. She also fails to discuss that school reformers inhabit a small and relatively closed network. Policy leaders and stakeholders can accelerate the pace of development. The article is organized in a pleasant and way that makes the posting readable. From the article, it is clear the author has some arguments to make which are sensible but fails to bring out the issue affecting the education system in Uganda in a way that is convincing. Overall, the article is well summed up, but a few improvements in certain elements would have helped in coming up with a more organized piece than what the author has delivered.

Discuss evolutionary explanations of gender Essay

According to the evolutionary explanations of gender, the reasons behind gender roles and characteristics seen today is due to the passing down of genes through natural selection from our ancestors who were able to successfully survive and reproduce over 500,000 years ago. Natural selection is the process of physical and psychological traits being passed down from one generation to another due to it being advantageous to survival and reproduction. For example humans with a wider hand shape were able to toss spears better when hunting and therefore were able to successfully survive and reproduce resulting in humans today particularly men having larger and wider hands. A stem of natural selection is known as sexual selection. Sexual selection is the process of passing down traits both physical and psychological that are an advantage for attracting mates for reproduction. The evolutionary theory for gender believes that due to sexual selection gender behaviours, such as females being child-rearing and males being workers occur. From these processes, evolutionary psychologists developed the hunting hypothesis. The hunting hypothesis states that the men who were hunters during the evolutionary stages and were successful due to their strength, aggression and spatial skills were able to survive and pass on their genes. The weaker men who were less aggressive and had less spatial skills were unable to survive and reproduce meaning these genes died off thus resulting in men today being more aggressive, strong and having good spatial skills. As woman did not hunt and we more likely to be raising the children and caring for others, they were less aggressive, strong, and had less spatial skills. Instead woman during these days had better communicational skills and according to this theory, it is due to this that woman today are better at communicating than men and are usually also weaker and less aggressive. Another theory supported by evolutionary psychologists as an explanation for gender is known as the parental investment theory devised by Trivers (1972) which states that the differences in the investment in a child and future reproduction are due to evolutionary differences. For example, during the evolutionary ages men were likely to have sex with numerous women in order to successfully pass on their genes. Therefore these characteristics were passed down in natural selection and can be used to explain why men today tend to be far more promiscuous than women. In females, during the evolutionary ages woman searched and preferred men with good resources and genes for themselves and their offspring. Evolutionary psychologists and Trivers believe that this is the reason for woman today being less promiscuous and being more careful when selecting a mate. (AO2): Support for Trivers Parental Investment comes from research carried out by Buss (1989) who sampled 10,000 males and females from 33 different countries and asked what they looked for in a partner for marriage. Buss found that women said they look for ‘good financial reports’ in men and men said they look for ‘physical attractiveness’ and ‘younger females’. This supports Trivers theory as it provides evidence of woman placing an important on resources and men on physical attractiveness and young woman which may be in order for successful reproduction. Buss’s research was highly reliable due to the large sample used and various countries participating. This made the study generalizable to a wide population. Buss also used questionnaires in his study which was a good experimental method as it allowed the possibility of a large sample, however the use of questionnaires exposes the research to social desirability bias as the participants may have answered the questions falsely in order to appear acceptable. This matters because this could mean the results found many not be valid. Although the results provide a strong support for Trivers theory in explaining gender, the results given may not be a valid support, suggesting for research must be carried out in order to fully support Trivers theory of parental investment in explaining gender. Another supporting study comes from research carried out by psychologists in Lancaster University. They repeated the research carried out on Buss on a smaller sample using an online questionnaire with undergraduates and found that women chose wealth as the most important in a mate and men chose attractiveness. This supports the parental investment theory as it shows the evidence of the gender difference in men and women in terms of reproduction and commitment. This study is also highly reliable as the study can be easily repeated and provide the same results. However due to the study being carried on only undergraduates the results cannot be generalised to a wider population of older adults and elderly. This matters because although it provides evidence of the evolutionary approach of gender being seen today, we cannot be sure that the results given in this study was purely down to genetics rather than other factors such as individual differences. This suggests that more research must be carried out focusing on genetics in order to support Trivers theory as an explanation for gender. The evolutionary explanation of gender provides a valid approach to gender behaviours and characteristics which can be clearly seen today and supported in research. However this approach fails to consider other factors in gender such as psychological factors. For example women desiring men with wealth due to economic reasons such as less jobs, rather than the successful rearing of children. Also the evolutionary approach fails to provide an explanation for the promiscuity of women today or the men that do not want to have children. These situations are best explained by social approaches suggesting that a theory considering both genetics and social factors would be best in explaining gender.

Characters and Themes in Richard Wrights Black Boy

The black novel and the theme novel Black Boy is the autobiographical record of his life Richard Wright, starting with his earliest memory, leaving the north at the age of 19. Among the black boys, Light talked about unsteady family life and returned from Natchez, Michigan, to Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Michigan, and then back to Arkansas. Mississippi, and finally back to Memphis, he prepared for it. He eventually moved to Chicago after all. Light black boy racist The theme of autobiographical black boy in Richard Wright is racial discrimination. Light grew up in the south; south of Jim Crow at the beginning of the 20th century. Since very young, Richard Wright knew two games of black and white. But he never understood the relationship between the two games. In fact, he did not understand, but he has made a hard effort to bother him many times. In Memphis, Wright reluctantly took on the role of a social boys, a black boy. Richard Wright's black boys explored the theme of starvat ion, education, ethnic identity, and self-development in the south of the United States in the early 20th century. As the novel goes on, the reader follows the development of light from a somewhat sinister child to a successful self-taught person who uses education to combat oppression and prejudice he experienced when he was young. His growth and success often depends on his educational opportunities; he learns and fulfills the needs of his knowledge when he is allowed to continue his schooling education for years uninterrupted Because you can. . Unfortunately, the education system disappointed him, the light was forced to teach himself, and formed a unique world view around him. As Wright's adulthood is intertwined with his education and self-development, the black boy can be described as an educational growth novel.

If Max Weber was living today, how would he analyzed the current Assignment

If Max Weber was living today, how would he analyzed the current fiscal situation from a public policy prospective - Assignment Example The main intention of coming up with this act was to prevent the emergence of a sovereign default which could have emanated from the 2011 US debt ceiling crisis. The main objective of this committee was for purposes of developing a deficit reduction plan over a 10 year period (Vanderveen, 2013). Any recommendations that the committee gave was subject to a simple vote of majority in the legislature. This is without an amendment. The main purpose of introducing these extraordinary provisions was for purposes of limiting a partisan gridlock amongst the members of the congress. The main aim of the 2011 Budget Control Act was to reduce at least 1.5 trillion dollars of the US debts over the next 10 years. This paper analysis the public policy views of Max Weber in regard to the current fiscal situation of the United States. Max Weber is an important scholar who has written extensively on bureaucracy (Edwards, 2007). This paper therefore analyzes the bureaucratic believes of Max Weber in re lation to the current fiscal situation of the United States. One of the major ideas that Weber and Weber (2012) believed is the notion of people acting as a basis of social inquiry. Weber believed that sociologists need to connect with social actors with the main intention of understanding a given problem and situation. The fiscal situation in United States is a social as well as an economic issue (Vanderveen, 2013). To understand the reasons why the US has a huge debt deficit, the government had to create the joint select committee on debt deficit. This institution was answerable to the congress, and it had to provide recommendations on how to solve the current US fiscal situation. This institution is a social actor, and it acted as an organization responsible for conducting social inquiry. The committee had a mandate until 23rd of November 2011. The mandate was to looks for methods and means