Intelligent Tutoring System For Primary School Students Education Essay

LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter will incorporate the reappraisal of literature of old research that is considered significance in the development of Intelligent Tutoring System for primary school pupils. 2.1 Problem Sphere Problem sphere is the country that needs to be examined to work out a job. In this undertaking, Intelligent Tutoring System is used in the sphere of instruction. Education is the field for larning and learning. It is the procedure where cognition is transferred and received. The intent to hold Intelligent Tutoring System for this undertaking is because to give an end product larning to the pupils particularly primary school pupils. Nowadays, instructors or pedagogues frequently face troubles to manage their pupils. It is because one instructor needs to provide many categories and each category will hold about 20 to 30 pupils. It is impossible to provide each pupil needs and penchant. Each pupil have their ain acquisition manner either they are good in listening, visualising, or making stuff at manus. Since the instructor is impossible to cognize each pupil larning manner, hence, there are demands for Intelligent Tutoring System that can provides a tutoring system that can find the pupils involvement so they will non holding jobs such as deficiency of apprehension and misconceptions. Besides that, the benefit of this tutoring system towards the instructor is the instructor will easy supervise the pupil ‘s public presentation and they will cognize the suited attack to cover with the pupil manners of acquisition. 2.1.1 Learning Manners Students learn in many ways such as by seeing and hearing, reflecting and moving, concluding logically and intuitively, memorising and besides visualising ( Felder, n.d. ) . Teaching and larning are different between each individual. It ‘s all depends on the persons itself. Everybody has larning manner strengths in which different people will hold different strengths ( Dunn, 1990 ) . In 1986, Marie et al. , as cited in ( Farwell, 2000 ) provided an analysis in which approximately 20 to 30 per centum of the school-aged pupils remembers what is heard, 40 per centum easy recalled what they have seen or read and the remainder were normally used both techniques which is they heard and visualise at the same clip. They have their ain manner that will assist them in larning. There are several different theories refering acquisition manners. Auditory, kinaesthetic and ocular are three types of cardinal acquisition manners ( Graham, n.d. ) . Below are the descriptions for each acquisition manners as cited in Graham ( n.d. ) and Farwall ( 2002 ) . Auditory Learners Childs who are audile learner normally prefer more on listening to account by reading them and sometimes they like to analyze by declaiming information aloud. Furthermore, audile scholar may love to environ with music while analyzing or they may necessitate a quiet infinite to analyze without diverted with any sounds. Auditory scholars learn successfully when the manner of giving information are being spoken and presented verbally. Ocular Learners â€Å" Show me and I will understand † is the keyword for ocular acquisition manner. It is a pattern to make new information by looking at something and visualise it. Normally, those people with this sort of larning manner can catch information presented in chart or graph, but they may foster impatiently listening to an account. Kinesthetic Learners Most of the school ‘s kids excel through kinaesthetic which means touching, feeling, and sing the stuff at manus. Learning activity such as scientific discipline lab, field trip, skit and many other activities are the best technique for kinaesthetic scholar. Most people use the combination of manner to acquire best acquisition manner for themselves. As for this undertaking, there are two larning manners covered which is the ocular and audile acquisition manners. This learning manners can be classify via some set of personality inquiries in which it will find the pupils country of acquisition manners. Intelligent Tutoring System will normally come across to several techniques such as Case Based Reasoning technique, Agents technique, Neural techniques, Neuro Fuzzy techniques, Track Analysis and many more. Below are other potencies techniques that can be used for this Intelligent Tutoring System ‘s undertaking despite the Agents technique. 2.1.2 Examples of utilizing Bayesian Networks for Learning Styles Detection Bayesian Networks is one technique that detects pupil ‘s acquisition manners in a web-based instruction system. In 2005, Garcia et al. , had proposed this technique to guarantee that all the pupils can larn even though they have different acquisition manners. Furthermore, Garcia et Al. ( 2005 ) , had besides stated that intelligent agent can used those information to gives the pupils personalized aid and present learning constituents that suit best harmonizing to pupil ‘s acquisition manners. Table 2.1 shows the dimensions of the acquisition manners. Detectors like particulars informations and testing ; intuitive prefer political orientation and theories. Detectors are digesting with item but do non like complications ; intuitive are uninterested by item and love complications. Table 2.1 Dimensions of Felder ‘s acquisition manners ( Beginning: Gracia et al. , ( 2005 ) ) A Bayesian Networks ( BN ) is a directed acyclic graph encodes the dependance relationships between a set of variables ( Pardalos, n.d. ) . It allows us to detect new cognition by uniting adept sphere cognition with statistical informations. In this BN, the nodes represent the different variables that determine a given acquisition manner. The arcs represent the relationships among the acquisition manner and the factor finding it. As shown in Figure 2.1, the theoretical account merely has the three dimensions of Felder ‘s model, perceptual experience, processing and apprehension. Figure 2.1 Bayesian Network patterning pupil ‘s acquisition manners. ( Beginning: Gracia et al. , ( 2005 ) ) The undermentioned sentences describe in item the different states the independent variables can take: Forum: station messages ; answers messages ; reads messages ; no engagement. Chat: participates ; listens ; no engagement. Mail: utilizations ; does non utilize. Information entree: in tantrums and starts ; sequential. Reading stuff: concrete ; abstract. Exam Revision ( considered in relation to the clip assigned to the test ) ; less than 10 % ; between 10 and 20 % ; more than 20 % . Exam Delivery Time ( considered in relation to the clip assigned to the test ) ; less than 50 % ; between 50 and 75 % ; more than 75 % Exercises ( in relation to the sum of exercisings proposed ) : many ( more than 75 % ) ; few ( between 25 and 75 % ) ; none Answer alterations ( in relation to the figure of inquiries or points in the test ) : many ( more than 50 % ) ; few ( between 20 and 50 % ) ; none. Entree to illustrations ( in relation to the figure of illustrations proposed ) : many ( more than 75 % ) ; few ( between 25 % and 75 % ) ; none Exam Consequences: high ( more than 7 in a 1-10 graduated table ) ; medium ( between 4 and 7 ) ; low ( below 4 ) . The chance maps associated with the independent nodes are bit by bit obtained by detecting the pupil interaction with the system. 30 Computer Science Engineering pupils have been interviewed to find the values by experimentation utilizing the ILS ( Index of larning manners ) questionnaire. Then, allow the pupils used the instruction system and recorded their interactions with the system. The information was used to find the parametric quantity of the BN. The Bayesian theoretical account is continuously updated as new information about the pupil ‘s interaction with the system is obtained. The chance maps are adjusted to demo the new observations or experiences. The chances reach equilibrium at certain point in the interaction. The chance values show a really little fluctuation as new information is entered. The values obtained at this point represent the pupil ‘s behaviour. This paper considered for each dimensions three values to do the consequences more comparable. For illustration, for the understanding dimension, it considered the values consecutive, impersonal and planetary. The per centum of happenstances is 100 % for the understanding dimension, 80 % for the perceptual experience dimension, and 80 % for the processing dimension. All information from this paper is cited from Gracia et Al, ( 2005 ) . 2.2 Technique In this undertaking, Intelligent Tutoring System is used to sort pupils larning manners. It used Numberss of regulations as the chief technique because it has the possible to give appropriate end product which is the acquisition manners for the pupils. Below are the descriptions of all techniques that will be used in this undertaking. 2.2.1 Intelligent Tutoring System An early lineation of Intelligent Tutoring System ( ITS ) demands was delivered by Hartley and Sleeman in 1973 ( Shute & A ; Psotka, n.d ) . As stated by Shute and Psotka, Hartley and Sleeman argued that ITS must possess cognition of the sphere ( adept theoretical account ) , cognition of the scholar ( student theoretical account ) , and cognition of learning schemes ( coach ) . Furthermore, in order for ITS to hold appropriate control schemes, it need to hold capturing environment of acquisition, effectivity of communicating and to hold flexible determinations. The ITS is a plan in which pupil can communicated through a sequence of natural linguistic communication inquiries and replies and the coach could both ask and reply inquiries and maintain path of ongoing duologue construction ( Corbett, Koedinger & A ; Anderson, 1997 ) . The authoritative ITS architecture consist of four constituents which are a undertaking environment, a sphere cognition faculty, a pupil theoretical account and pedagogical faculty. Figure 2.2 ITS architecture ( Beginning: Corbett, Koedinger & A ; Anderson, ( 1997 ) ) As cited in Corbett, Koedinger & A ; Anderson ( 1997 ) , pupils engage in job resolution environments and these actions are evaluated with regard to the sphere cognition constituents. Student ‘s cognition province is maintained based on the rating theoretical account. Finally, the pedagogical faculty delivers instructional actions based on the rating of pupil ‘s actions and on the pupil theoretical account. Advantages of ITS as described by Yousoof, Sapiyan & A ; Kamaludin ( 2002 ) , ITS is a systems that can supply considerable flexibleness in presentation of stuff and greater adaptability to react to idiosyncratic pupils need. It besides found to be extremely effectual in their intent. It has been proved by research that the pupils who tend to larn utilizing ITS really could larn fast when compared to the pupils utilizing traditional manner of instruction. Disadvantages of ITS as besides cited in Yousoof, Sapiyan & A ; Kamaludin ( 2002 ) , hazard issues affects the execution of ITS, unsuccessful ITS can do the barrier in execution of ITS, replacing of human coach will besides be a barrier in execution and broad spread of ITS will take topographic point in another five old ages. 2.2.2 Rule Based Expert System Expert system is a computing machine plan that uses cognition and illation process to work out job that are hard plenty to necessitate important human expert to work out for their solution ( Negnevitsky, 2002 ) . It is besides a computing machine plan in which it is able to execute at the degree of a human expert in a all right job country. The most popular expert systems is a regulation based expert system. It besides called as production regulations in which it contains IF-THEN statement. Structure of Rule Based Expert System A rule-based expert system has five constituents: the cognition base, the database, the illation engine, the account installations, and the user interface. Knowledge Base Database Inference Engine Explanation Facility User Interface User Figure 2.3 Basic Structure of Rule Based Expert System ( Beginning: Negnevitsky, ( 2002 ) ) The cognition base contains the sphere cognition utile for job resolution. In a rule-based expert system, the cognition is represented as a set of regulations. Each regulation specifies a relation, recommendation, directive, scheme or heuristic and has the IF ( status ) THEN ( action ) construction. When the status portion of a regulation is satisfied, the regulation is said to fire and the action portion is executed. The database includes a set of facts used to fit aligned with the IF ( status ) parts of regulations stored in the cognition base. The illation engine brings out the concluding whereby the expert system reaches a solution. It links the regulations given in the cognition base with the facts provided in the database. The account installations enable the user to inquire the expert system how a peculiar decision is reached and why a specific fact is needed. An adept system must be able to explicate its logical thinking and warrant its advice, analysis or decision. The user interface is the agencies of communicating between a user seeking a solution to the job and an expert system. The user is the 1 who will be used the system. User is besides the 1 that will seek for solution. Advantages of Rule Based Expert System Natural cognition representation. An expert normally explains the job work outing process with such looks as this: ‘in such-and-such state of affairs, I do so-and-so ‘ . These looks can be represented rather of course as IF-THEN production regulations. two. Uniform Structure. Production regulations have the unvarying IF-THEN construction. Each regulation is an independent piece of cognition. The really sentence structure of production regulations enables them to be self-documented. three. Separation of cognition from its processing. The construction of a rule-based expert system provides an effectual separation of the cognition base from the illation engine. This makes it possible to develop different applications utilizing the same expert system shell. It besides allows a graceful and easy enlargement of the expert system. To do the system smarter, a cognition applied scientist merely adds some regulations to the cognition base without step ining in the control construction. Disadvantages of Rule Based Expert System Opaque dealingss between regulations Although the single production regulations tend to be comparatively simple and self-documented, their logical interactions within the big set of regulations may be opaque. Rule-based systems make it hard to detect how single regulations serve the overall scheme. This job is related to the deficiency of hierarchal cognition representation in regulation based expert systems. two. Ineffective hunt scheme The illation engine applies an thorough hunt through all the production regulations during each rhythm. Adept systems with a big set of regulations ( over 100 regulations ) can be slow, and therefore big rule-based systems can be unsuitable for real-time applications. Inability to larn In general, rule-based expert systems do non hold an ability to larn from the experience. Unlike a human expert, who knows when to ‘break the regulations ‘ , an expert system can non automatically modify its cognition base, or adjust bing regulations or add new 1s. The cognition applied scientist is still responsible for revising and keeping the system. All information for Rule Based Expert System is cited from Negnevitsky ( 2002 ) . 2.2.3 Intelligent Agent An agent is anything that can be viewed as comprehending its environment through detectors and moving upon that environment through effecters ( Rusell & A ; Norvig, 1995 ) . Presently, agents are the point of involvement on the portion of many countries of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence. Harmonizing to Jennings & A ; Wooldridge ( n.d. ) , an intelligent agent is a computing machine plan that is able to execute immediate response in order to run into its design aims. Flexible here means that the systems must be antiphonal in which agents should separate their environments and react in a timely to alterations that occur in it. Agents should besides be proactive whereby they should be able to exhibit chances, purposive behaviour, and take the enterprise where appropriate. Finally, agents should be societal in which agents should be interrelate when they comfortable with other Artificial Agents and worlds in order to finish their ain job resolution and to assist others with their activities. Advantages of utilizing Intelligent Agent are because agents represent a powerful tool for doing system more flexible. Agents should act like an ‘expert helper ‘ with regard to some application, knowing about both the application and the user, and capable of moving with user in order to accomplish the user ‘s ends. Agents are besides good in bettering the efficiency of Software Development. The restrictions or the disadvantages of utilizing agent as discussed by Jennings & A ; Wooldridge ( n.d. ) are: – No overall system accountant An agent-based solution may non be suited for spheres in which planetary restraints have to be maintained, domains where a real-time response must be guaranteed, or in spheres in which dead ends or unrecorded locks must be avoided. No planetary position Agents may do globally sub-optimal determinations since in about any realistic agent system ; complete planetary cognition is non a possibility. An agent ‘s action are by definition determined by that agent ‘s local province. Trust and deputation Users have to derive assurance in the agents that work on their behalf, and this procedure can take some clip. During this period of clip, the agent must strike a balance between continually seeking counsel ( and needlessly deflecting the user ) and ne'er seeking counsel ( an transcending its authorization ) . An agent must cognize its restrictions. 2.2.4 Multiagent System As stated by Capuano et Al. ( n.d. ) , multiagent system ( MAS ) can be defined as loosely-coupled webs of pass oning and collaborating agents working together to work out jobs that are in front of their single capablenesss. In order to obtain consistent system behaviour, single agents in a multiagent system are non merely able to portion knowledge about jobs and solutions, but besides to ground about the procedures of coordination among other agents ( Capuano et al. , n.d. ) . The thought of multiagent system is that an agent is a computing machine plan that has capableness to execute independent action on behalf of its proprietor or user. In add-on, agent can calculate out for itself what it needs to make in order to fulfill its design aims. A multiagent system is one that consists of figure of agents, which interact with another, typically by interchanging messages through some computing machine substructure ( Wooldridge, 2002 ) . In order to successfully interact, these agents will therefore necessitate the ability to collaborate, co-ordinate and negotiate with each other. 2.2.5 Distributed Case Based Reasoning Case Based Reasoning ( CBR ) is another technique that is widely used in Intelligent Tutoring System and in the field of instruction so. As proposed by Rishi et Al. ( 2007 ) , they combine both technique which are CBR and agent technique to supply pupil patterning for online acquisition in a distributed environment with the aid of agents. In this paper, it focused more on Case Based Distributed Student Modeling ( agent based ) ITS architecture to back up student-centred, self-paced, and extremely synergistic acquisition. The first measure is to construct the effectual acquisition environment which is the CBR where the system maintains a complete and full set of instances ( scenarios ) of pupil ‘s acquisition form and employs an efficient and flexible instance retrieval system. The system as cited in Rishi et Al. ( 2007 ) must used the pupil ‘s larning profile such as larning manner and background cognition in selecting, forming and showing the larning stuff to back up instance based acquisition. As Rishi et Al. ( 2007 ) cited from Yi Shang et Al. ( 2001 ) and Kumar ( 2005 ) , Distributed CBR based pupil patterning enables adaptative bringing of educational contents and facilitates automatic rating of larning results. This system consists of three agents with different expertness. The first agent which is personal agent will concentrate on pupil profiler which include cognition background, larning manner, involvements, class enrolled etc. The other two agents communicated with each other through different communicating channel which situated in distributed environments are learning agent and class agent. Figure 2.4 show the communicating theoretical account among agents. Figure 2.4 Communication theoretical account among agents ( Beginning: Rishi et Al. ( 2007 ) ) Furthermore, the undermentioned activities as shown in figure 2.5 return topographic point during the pupil patterning when the pupil interacts with the system as such, choice of subject by the pupil and acquire to cognize pupil ‘s background by showing jobs to the pupil, analysing the pupil ‘s response by the system, choice of instance by the system based on response, version of the instance by the system, accomplishing the cognition constituent of the pupil theoretical account through instance retrieval, coevals of learning scheme by the system and showing the following job to the pupil. Figure 2.5 Procedure of Student Modeling ( Beginning: Rishi et Al. ( 2007 ) ) Finally, this system is to the full distributed in which it does non bounded with any web topology, it reduces the demand of big storage infinites at the user ‘s site to hive away all the instances and redundancy is maintained for mistake tolerance. The whole system is managed in the distributed environment with merely three agents which are Personal Agent, Teaching Agent and Course Agent. 2.2.6 Path Analysis Learning indexs is the manner of working and analysing the paths and supplying cognition on the activities ( Bousbia et al. , n.d. ) . This will assist instructors to comprehend and construe the scholar ‘s activities in e-learning state of affairss. As in figure 2.5 this paper by Bousbia et Al. ( n.d. ) considers three stairss in the analysis. The first 1 is index ‘s pick. The first measure is fundamentally to steer the aggregation procedure. It helps the instructor to take high degree indexs in which the instructor intends to seek from the indexs base. It will so inquire the instructor to supply extra informations required for their computations. The following measure is observation. In this phase, the system identified the necessary paths extracted through a aggregation tool which installed on the learner side. This tool has specific history such as visited pages URLs, clip and actions. Finally, the analysis and interpretation measure. This is the most of import measure in which it divided into three chief phases which are shoping way rebuilding, indexs ‘ computation and learning manner tax write-off. Figure 2.6 Learning Style Deduction Steps ( Beginning: Bousbia et Al. ( n.d. ) ) There will be three beds remain which are educational penchant bed, larning procedure bed and cognitive abilities bed. The first bed includes properties related to the preferable acquisition clip, environment penchant, information representations and encoding methods. The 2nd bed includes larning scheme, comprehension and patterned advance attack. For the last bed, it includes motive and concentration capacity. The learning manner can be determined by ciphering the value of each bed ‘s property. By utilizing the necessary high degree indexs, the value is deduced. Furthermore, to link the indexs to the acquisition manners, Bousbia et Al. ( n.d. ) sort them harmonizing to theoretical account beds. The possible values of each bed ‘s property are chosen from the bing acquisition manner theoretical accounts, by doing their definitions closer. 2.3 Related Plants Related plants are plants from other research workers which have related to this undertaking or possibly the same technique used but in different field or sphere. Intelligent Tutoring System and some other techniques is the chief focused in this research to compare and distinguish sphere and techniques with other undertakings. 2.3.1 Intelligent Agent in E-commerce Ecommerce or e-commerce is the ability and accomplishment of selling merchandises or services over the Internet ( Ward, 2010 ) . As discussed by Pivk & A ; Gams ( n.d. ) in their article on Intelligent Agent in E-commerce, the article discussed on appraisal of agent engineerings which involved in purchasing and selling. Several agent-mediated electronic commercialism systems are analyzed in the position of a general theoretical account of the purchasing procedure. E-commerce involves business-to-business ( B2B ) , business-to-customer ( B2C ) and customer-to-customer ( C2C ) minutess. It encounters a broad scope of issues such as security, trust, electronic merchandise, catalogues and many more. Intelligent agent can be used or applied to any of these. Pivk & A ; Gams ( n.d. ) had given illustrations on the use of agent in ecommerce such as Tete-a-Tete ( T @ T ) . For illustrations in Figure 2.7, a shopping agent may have proposals from multiple gross revenues agents. Each proposal defines a complete merchandise offering including a merchandise constellation, monetary value and the merchandiser ‘s value-added services. The shopping agent evaluates and order these proposals based on how good they satisfy its proprietor ‘s penchants. If the shopper is non satisfied, he can review them along one or more dimensions. User shopping agent broadcasts this penchant changes to the gross revenues agents in which, in bend, utilize them to counter-propose better merchandise offering. Figure 2.7 Consumer-owned shopping agents integrative negotiate with multiple merchant-owned gross revenues agents. ( Beginning: Pivk & A ; Gams ( n.d. ) ) 2.3.2 Intelligent Agent Based Graphic User Interface ( GUI ) for e-Physician This paper is proposed by Jung, Thapa & A ; Wang ( 2007 ) . It is all about the attack of utilizing ontology based intelligent interface agent that will help the doctor to get on-line entree interface to patient ‘s chart, fast rescheduling such as exigency instance, easy entree to research lab consequences and cut downing overall cost because of optimal use of clip. In this paper, medical homecare system model is designed in real-time environment. There are four types of agents that are used in this system which are Interface Agent, Admin Agent, Laboratory Agent, Diagnosis Agent and Schedule Agent as in Figure 2.8. Figure 2.8 Conceptual Framework of Intelligent Agent Based user interface ( Beginning: Jung, Thapa & A ; Wang ( 2007 ) ) As cited from Jung, Thapa & A ; Wang ( 2007 ) , interface agent is the agent that will interact with the user and will work as an information filtering agent and choose the most critical instance per precedence. On the other manus, research lab agent will be able to supply the item scrutiny study from the research lab database. Furthermore, diagnosing agent will assist the interface agent to propose proper diagnosing by utilizing determination devising regulations. In add-on, administrative agent will supply pre-historic diagnosing tendency of the patient and eventually schedule agent will assist in fixing patient ‘s chart, programming, and fat rescheduling of the program on footing precedence. Those agents will assist in the development of the system and will give user ‘s concluding control for optimisation of their best Graphical user interface. 2.3.3 Intelligent Agent in Computer Games Games are the practical universes that are more traceable than existent universe. It is besides something that can be controlled, formal, and mensurable, supply realistic and important challenge ( Mikkulainen, n.d. ) . Intelligent agents can be deployed in games today. As cited in Lent et Al. ( n.d. ) , they discussed on the usage of intelligent agent in the games called Soar. It make the growing of intelligent agents for games easier by giving common illation engine and reclaimable cognition base that can be merely applied in many different games. Soar allows easy decomposition of the agent ‘s action through hierarchy of operation. It used Quake II and Descent 3 agents in which both have the functionality in the games such as winging in a starship without gravitation, onslaught, explore and many more. Furthermore, Soar invariably cycles through perceive in which it accept sensor information from the game, think ( choice and execute relevant cognition ) and Act ( Execute internal and external actions ) . Interface is another of import portion in developing games since the interface extracts the necessary information from the game and encodes it into the format required in Soar. 2.3.4 Nervous Network-based Fuzzy Modeling of the Student in ITS This paper is utilizing empirical attack that use the neuro-fuzzy synergy to measure the pupils in the context of an ITS is presented. Stathacopoulou, Magoulas & A ; Grigoriadou ( n.d. ) stated that fuzzed logic techniques is widely used in ITS since it have the ability to manage imprecise information such as pupil ‘s actions and to supply human descriptions of cognition and of pupil ‘s cognitive abilities. In this paper, fuzzed logic is used to supply human-like approximative diagnosing of pupil ‘s cognition and cognitive abilities and Neural Network is used to trained human instructor ‘s determinations sing pupil ‘s features and fixed weight Neural Network are used to measure and aggregate rank map. The neuro-fuzzy theoretical account has been tested in natural philosophies domain to measure pupil ‘s features for make up one's minding about the appropriate instruction scheme. Experiments have been performed by Stathacopoulou, Magoulas & A ; Grigoriadou ( n.d. ) utilizing a population of 300 fake pupil instances with the determinations of 5 instructors. The overall mean categorization success has been 95 % . As decision, rating of pupils depends on interior decorator ‘s ability to analyse the cognitive sphere appropriately, define fuzzed sets and associate the pupil response with suited cognition and cognitive features. 2.3.5 FlexiTrainer: A Ocular Authoring Framework for Case-Based Intelligent Tutoring System FlexiTrainer is an authoring model that allowed the fast fleet design of didactically rich and performance-oriented acquisition environments with tradition content and tutoring schemes ( Ramachandran, Remolina & A ; Fu ( n.d. ) ) . This authoring tool specifies a dynamic behaviour of tutoring agents that interact to present direction. FlexiTrainer has been used to develop an ITS for preparation chopper pilots in winging accomplishments. FlexiTrainer consists of two constituents which are the authoring tools and the everyday engine. Core constituent for FlexiTrainer are Task-Skill-Principle Editor, Exercise Editor, Student Model Editor, and Tutor Behavior Editor. Each of these editors has their ain specific functionality. An instructional agent is used to transport out teaching-elated to accomplish instructional ends. It used Bayesian illation to integrate pupil patterning schemes. 2.3.6 Intelligent Tutoring System utilizing Hybrid Expert System with Speech Model in Neural Networks This paper used supervised larning nervous webs to successful rate. Besides being more information bringing systems, this system aid pupils to actively build cognition. This paper by Venkatesh, Naganathan & A ; Maheswari ( 2010 ) enable learning system to be developed in assorted Fieldss and topics. Nervous Model in this system is used for Question Answering System. As shown in Figure 2.9, input bed contains the inquiries on the wanted topics. Both possible inquiries and replies are stored in the coveted end product. Figure 2.9: Nervous Network Architecture ( Beginning: Venkatesh, Naganathan & A ; Maheswari, ( 2010 ) ) On the other manus, address theoretical account consists of linguistic communication extraction ( includes categories such as noun, verb, operator, pronoun and many more ) , speech act classifier ( tutor uses strings of words and punctuation to sort each part of the scholar into speech act units ) , file direction ( used as marker for the lector ‘s manner reply which communicated with ITS faculty ) and manners ( choice individual to be communicated with the ITS either pupil, lector or admin ) . This system non merely cut down development times but besides appreciably simplifies the proficient cognition required of forces involved in the coevals of an auto-regulated intelligent tutoring duologue system ( Venkatesh, Naganathan & A ; Maheswari ( 2010 ) ) . 2.4 Drumhead There are many ways in developing Intelligent Tutoring System as mentioned above. Each technique used has its ain strengths and failings. In this undertaking, Rule-based is used since it gives more impact and significance to the paradigm. The following chapter will demo the research model on the methodological analysis for developing this paradigm.

Mount Everest essays

Mount Everest essays The speakers words silenced the audience as he began, On the night of May 10, 1996 a blizzard swept over Mount Everest, striking more than thirty mountain climbers with heavy snow, subzero temperatures, and unbelievably strong winds. In the next twenty-four hours, eight of the climbers, including three professional guides were dead. This night would become the most ill fated attempt ever to summit Mount Everest. Among these climbers was a 49-year old Dallas pathologist and an amateur climber, Dr. Beck Weathers, who was left to die in the icy storm 300 yards from his camp. Miraculously, Dr. Weathers survived and came back from his ordeal to speak of his experiences, and to tell us about some valuable lessons he has learned. Lets welcome Dr. Beck Weathers. I watched and listened as this man swayed his disfigured arms and explained that he had scaled the worlds largest heights and yet, still had not been at peace with himself. He had wanted more courageous success, because he had conquered all but the grand Mount Everest. The drive for more accomplishment and the need to be more courageous had persuaded Beck to follow the 1996 expedition. Beck sobbed as he stated that on May 10, 1996, he had realized, as he was near death, that what he had thought to be courageous was truly a relentless pursuit of success and goals and ambitions. He had risked his life in a cowardly and selfish way for his own fortune. Dr. Weathers had found that his irrational triumph of desire over sensibility was the most pathetic feat he was to face. Risking your life, such as mountain climbers do, is not an act of courage because it is backed by low self-esteem and is in pursuit for irrational goals and selfish success. Courage is denoted by Encarta Encyclopedia 96 dictionary as the quality of the mind that enables one to face danger with confidence and resolution. Danger is d...

Biography of Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor

Biography of Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor Fast Facts: Frederick I (Barbarossa) Known For: Holy Roman Emperor and Warrior KingAlso Known As: Frederick Hohenstaufen, Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire  Born: Exact date unknown; circa 1123, birthplace thought to be SwabiaParents:  Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, Judith, the daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, known also as Henry the Black.  Died: June 10, 1190 near Saleph  River,  Cilician ArmeniaSpouse(s): Adelheid of Vohburg, Beatrice I, Countess of BurgundyChildren: Beatrice, Frederick V, Duke of Swabia, Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor,  Conrad, later renamed  Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia, Gisela, Otto I, Count of Burgundy, Conrad II, Duke of Swabia  and Rothenburg, Renaud, William, Philip of Swabia, AgnesNotable Quote: It is not for the people to give laws to the prince, but to obey his mandate. (attributed) Early Life Frederick I Barbarossa was born in 1122 to Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, and his wife Judith. Barbarossas parents were members of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and House of Welf, respectively. This provided him with strong family and dynastic ties that would aid him later in life. At the age of 25, he became the Duke of Swabia following his fathers death. Later that year, he accompanied his uncle Conrad III, King of Germany, on the Second Crusade. Though the crusade was a tremendous failure, Barbarossa acquitted himself well and earned the respect and trust of his uncle. King of Germany Returning to Germany in 1149, Barbarossa remained close to Conrad and in 1152, he was summoned by the king as he lay on his deathbed. As Conrad neared death, he presented Barbarossa with the Imperial seal and stated that the 30-year-old duke should succeed him as king. This conversation was witnessed by the Prince-Bishop of Bamberg, who later stated that Conrad was in full possession of his mental powers when he named Barbarossa his successor. Moving quickly, Barbarossa garnered the support of the prince-electors and was named king on March 4, 1152. As Conrads 6-year-old son had been prevented from taking his fathers place, Barbarossa named him Duke of Swabia. Ascending to the throne, Barbarossa wished to restore Germany and the Holy Roman Empire to the glory it had achieved under Charlemagne. Traveling through Germany, Barbarossa met with the local princes and worked to end the sectional strife. Using an even hand, he united the princes interests while gently reasserting the power of the king. Though Barbarossa was King of Germany, he had not yet been crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the pope. Marching to Italy In 1153, there was a general feeling of dissatisfaction with the papal administration of the Church in Germany. Moving south with his army, Barbarossa sought to calm these tensions and concluded the Treaty of Constance with Pope Adrian IV in March 1153. By the terms of the treaty, Barbarossa agreed to aid the pope in fighting his Norman enemies in Italy in exchange for being crowned Holy Roman Emperor. After suppressing a commune led by Arnold of Brescia, Barbarossa was crowned by the Pope on June 18, 1155. Returning home that fall, Barbarossa encountered renewed bickering among the German princes. To calm affairs in Germany, Barbarossa gave the Duchy of Bavaria to his younger cousin Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony. On June 9, 1156, at Wà ¼rzburg, Barbarossa married Beatrice of Burgundy. Next, he intervened in a Danish civil war between Sweyn III and Valdemar I the following year. In June 1158, Barbarossa prepared a large expedition to Italy. In the years since he was crowned, a growing rift had opened between the emperor and the pope. While Barbarossa believed that the pope should be subject to the emperor, Adrian, at the Diet of Besanà §on, claimed the opposite. Marching into Italy, Barbarossa sought to reassert his imperial sovereignty. Sweeping through the northern part of the country, he conquered city after city and occupied Milan on September 7, 1158. As tensions grew, Adrian considered excommunicating the emperor; he died before taking any action. In September 1159, Pope Alexander III was elected and immediately moved to claim papal supremacy over the empire. In response to Alexanders actions and his excommunication, Barbarossa began supporting a series of antipopes beginning with Victor IV. Traveling back to Germany in late 1162, to quell unrest caused by Henry the Lion, he returned to Italy the following year with the goal of conquering Sicily. These plans quickly changed when he was required to suppress uprisings in northern Italy. In 1166, Barbarossa attacked toward Rome at won a decisive victory at the Battle of Monte Porzio. His success proved short-lived, however, as disease ravaged his army and he was forced to retreat back to Germany. Remaining in his realm for six years, he worked to improve diplomatic relations with England, France, and the Byzantine Empire. Lombard League During this time, several of the German clergy had taken up the cause of Pope Alexander. Despite this unrest at home, Barbarossa again formed a large army and crossed the mountains into Italy. Here, he met the united forces of the Lombard League, an alliance of northern Italian cities fighting in support of the pope. After winning several victories, Barbarossa requested that Henry the Lion join him with reinforcements. Hoping to increase his power through the possible defeat of his uncle, Henry refused to come south. On May 29, 1176, Barbarossa and a detachment of his army were badly defeated at Legnano, with the emperor believed killed in the fighting. With his hold over Lombardy broken, Barbarossa made peace with Alexander at Venice on July 24, 1177. Recognizing Alexander as pope, his excommunication was lifted and he was reinstated into the Church. With peace declared, the emperor and his army marched north. Arriving in Germany, Barbarossa found Henry the Lion in open rebellion of his authority. Invading Saxony and Bavaria, Barbarossa captured Henrys lands and forced him into exile. Third Crusade Though Barbarossa had reconciled with the pope, he continued to take actions to strengthen his position in Italy. In 1183, he signed a treaty with the Lombard League, separating them from the pope. Also, his son Henry married Constance, the Norman princess of Sicily, and was proclaimed King of Italy in 1186. While these maneuvers led to increased tension with Rome, it did not prevent Barbarossa answering the call for the Third Crusade in 1189. Death Working in conjunction with Richard I of England and Philip II of France, Barbarossa formed an immense army with the goal of retaking Jerusalem from Saladin. While the English and French kings traveled by sea to the Holy Land with their forces, Barbarossas army was too large and was forced to march overland. Moving through Hungary, Serbia, and the Byzantine Empire, they crossed the Bosporus into Anatolia. After fighting two battles, they arrived at the Saleph River in southeast Anatolia. While stories vary, it is known that Barbarossa died on June 10, 1190, while jumping into or crossing the river. His death led to chaos within the army and only a small fraction of the original force, led by his son Frederick VI of Swabia, reached Acre. Legacy Over the centuries following his death, Barbarossa became a symbol for German unity. During the 14th century, there was a belief that he would rise from the imperial castle of Kyffhuser. During World War II, the Germans launched a massive attack against Russia, which they dubbed Operation Barbarossa in honor of the medieval emperor.

Stages of the consumer decision process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Stages of the consumer decision process - Essay Example Every business wants to build new consumers and retain the old ones (Chen, 2009). However, these consumers are of negligible value if they do not bring in the desired results in terms of sales for the business. It is important that the consumer decision process is looked upon at from all sides before reaching a consensus as to how marketing and sales domains shall be managed within the business. If the consumer decision process is easy to undertake and the sales are coming in, perhaps there is reason why this consumer decision process has been a successful one over a period of time. On the flip side, there could be a number of survival issues for the business. This paper discusses how the consumer decision process is managed within the tourism industry from a supply perspective. The 5 stages of the consumer decision process involve the recognition of the need, the information search, the evaluation, the eventual decision to purchase and lastly the post-purchase evaluation. These 5 st ages essentially dictate how well the consumer decision process has been reached upon and the kind of success that a consumer has within his ranks to make sure that he buys the intended product or service (Hudson, 2010). Within the domains of the tourism industry which is a combination of both products and services, the need is to understand how well the consumer decision process has been applied. It will then enact ways to reach out to consumers who are more prone to make that much needed purchase which will benefit the business under the ranks of the tourism industry. This is an important aspect and one that requires significance from the people who undertake these businesses in the first place. It gives them an idea as to where they are going wrong and what corrective measures they need to take in order to bring sanity within the realms of the tourism industry (Betsch, 2004). The consumer decision process does not come about without hard work and thought. The consideration that g oes into its making is something that leaves many astounded since sometimes consumers take a life time to make that vital purchase while at others the whole process is often completed way too quickly. These 5 stages are fundamentally hierarchical because these highlight how strongly the consumer decision process takes place and that too within a sequential feel. The hierarchy comes about in the form of following each one of these stages. One cannot skip any stage and move on to the next one. It has to follow a set line in order to successfully complete the consumer decision process. The sale process of the business will only culminate when all these stages are amicably given the significance that these richly require. Focusing specifically on the tourism industry, it is important to comprehend the amount of energy a business dedicates towards attracting that vital consumer. This means that these consumers form the core basis of the business and without them the tourism industry woul d suffer on a number of different counts (Ekstrom, 2006). The understanding must be derived from the fact that the entire tourism regime shapes up due to the undertakings of the consumers and if the latter do not show any interest, it would be difficult to sustain this industry in essence. The

Wabashiki river report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wabashiki river report - Essay Example The materials required for testing in the field included a pencil or pen, notebook, sunscreen, bug repellant, water bottle, field appropriate clothing, weather appropriate clothing and closed shoes for walking in the dumpy area. The sampling strategies used in the field involved stratified random sample where the test objects were categorized into groups and various test conducted on them. The test conducted on the different soils types were aimed at determining the presence of gases like nitrogen and other minerals like potassium and phosphorus in the soil. These samples were taken from different areas like Taken at the top of a hill on the path near the parking lot. Closest to the parking lot, Further down the hill that sample one was taken, down the levi path. Halfway between the parking lot and sharp bend in the path and down past the storm drains on the levi near where the storm drains empty. Moreover, the bottles were used to carry other samples which were tested in the classro om using laboratory apparatus. The results obtained from determining the soil color, soil texture and the acidity or alkalinity of the soil were as follows; the soils texture of the samples tested revealed that the soil was sandy clay because of the sizes of particles of the samples. This sample was collected in an area which was surrounded by trees, small rocks and old grass. The second sample revealed that the soil was clay loam as the soil color value was three. There was presence of soil color and soil chroma, moreover, the Ph was seven. This sample was taken from the lake side and its characteristics were sandy and small rocks. Silty Clay was discovered to posses soil pH between three to four, contained minerals like phosphorous, nitrogen and potassium value at pH value of seven. The experiment proved successful as I established the soil texture, soil Ph, soil acidity

The USA expansion after the year 1800, changes between the years 1820 Essay

The USA expansion after the year 1800, changes between the years 1820 and 1850. Hamilton's financial program and the growth of industrial manufacturing - Essay Example 4," 2010). America refused, reminding the government of Mexico that the terms that had already been agreed to in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made America responsible only for protection, not financial compensation for any losses that happened to people or territory belonging to Mexico ("Gadsden purchase, 1853-1854," 2010). Complicating matters was the fact that some developers desperately wanted a Southern transcontinental railroad to connect the West through a southerly route. The only available routes passed through portions of Mexican territory. Things came to a boil in 1853, when the Mexican government evicted Americans from their homes in the Mesilla Valley ("Gadsden purchase, 1853-1854," 2010). ... Though there were small outbreaks of tension from this point on between the United States and Mexico, this treaty did much to cool the foreign relations that had previously been tense between the two countries. The United States experienced many changes between the years 1820 and 1850, including economic, industrial, and socioeconomic changes, as well as the issue of slavery. Of these changes, which do you think had the greatest effect during this time? Explain your choice. I think that the industrial changes experienced in the United States during this time had the greatest effect on the country. Though the changes were fueled by an enormous population growth, with the American population expanding from four million in 1790 to ten million in 1820, and seventeen million in 1840, it was still industry that grew rapidly and influenced almost every other sector of American life (Brinkley 2004). The growth of industries influenced the growth of cities, which influenced the changes that c ame about due to the expanded number of people in those cities. The populations of cities accelerated quickly, as did the number of factories in New England, with water power being replaced by steam power and later coal power. What had begun as a â€Å"factory system† in New England for textile workers was quickly expanded into other industries, such as the shoe industry (Brinkley 2004). I also believe that industrial changes had the greatest impact on the country from 1820 to 1850 because the growth of industry fueled new inventions and gadgets that came into service for the first time. Perhaps the biggest was the railroad that would soon span the entire length of the United States. Before 1820, the main form of transportation

Discharge of Water through a Spherical Orifice

Discharge of Water through a Spherical Orifice There are multiple factors that affect the discharge of water through a spherical orifice. These can include the height of water above the incision, the cross sectional area of the hole and the shape of the hole that the fluid is flowing through [New Century Senior Physics 2004]. But first of all, what is fluid?       Fluids are defined as any substance that cannot sustain any tangential or shearing force while maintaining its form at rest, basically any substance in the form of a gas or liquid [Britannica 2017]. They generally have no fixed shape and when exposed to stress, the fluid will experience a continuous change [Britannica 2017]. Flow is a universal property for all fluids [Britannica 2017]. For liquids in particular, the flow is influenced by the acceleration due to gravity. If the fluid is non-viscous and incompressible, while the flow of the fluid is steady, then this flow can be seen from an energy perspective [Fluid Mechanics and Bernoullis Principle 1999]. In pipes, there are two factors to allow a fluid to flow, the first method is to tilt the pipe so the fluid gains Gravitational Potential Energy [Fluid Mechanics and Bernoullis equation 1999]. This is defined as the stored energy that liquids or solids with mass possess that is dependent on the acceleration due to gravity and the respective height the object or substance above the ground [Hyperphysics 2017]. When the pipe has been tilted enough, the flow will be downhill, this moment is where the accumulated gravitational potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy, the energy of motion, hence creating the flow of a fluid [Fluid Mechanics and Be rnoullis Principle 1999]. The law of conservation of energy states that for any physical or chemical change, energy cannot be created nor destroyed, this describes this procedure of the energy transfer previously mentioned [Madden et al. 2004]. {FLOW} The second method to make a fluid flow is to increase the pressure at one end of the pipe so it is larger than the pressure accumulated on the other end. This in turn creates a pressure difference which acts as a net force, accelerating the fluid through the pipe which is known as flow [Fluid Dynamics and Bernoullis Principle 1999]. Jets are a common form of fluid flow. They are defined as a fluid discharged forcefully through a narrow opening or orifice, resulting in a stream like motion [Meriam Webster 2017]. One of the main components of the jet is its velocity, this is affected by multiple factors including the holes size and shape, the fluids pressure and viscosity, even the medium which it passes through can, inhibit the jets potential velocity. If the composition of the jets fluid is somewhat identical with a stationary medium surrounding the flow, the jet can be classed a submerged jet [Farlex Inc 2017]. Examples of this flow are the air currents through a still atmosphere, this is because the fluid is air and the surrounding media is also air [Farlex Inc 2017]. There are many other forms of jets including free jets which are the opposite from submerged, they are where the jet passes through unbounded mediums. Semi-contained jets occur when the jet passes along a flat surface while confined jets exist in mediums bounded by solid surfaces, for example a pipe with a diameter larger than that of the inlet [Farlex Inc. 2017]. {Jets, discharge, vena contracta?} When fluid jets are in motion, their cross sectional area is quite often subject to contracting. The site of this contraction is known as the natural phenomenon of vena contracta, which can be defined as any of the locations in a jet of fluid emerging from and orifice where the flows cross sectional area is at its minimum [Dicionary.com, LLC 2016]. Vena contracta usually occurs as a result of the fluids streamlines converging as they approach an orifice [Calvert J.B. 2003]. Generally, this leads to the cross sectional area of the jet decreasing slightly until the pressure in the cross-section has been equalized, it is also at this point where the jet experiences its maximum velocity in its flow [Calvert J.B. 2003]. Beyond the site of vena contracta, the jets streams start to diverge as a result of friction and drag caused by the jet flowing through another fluid, in this case, the air surrounding the flow [Calvert J.B. 2003]. The cross-sectional area will increase while the jet decel erates from the surrounding fluid as a result which is why the jet can be seen transforming from a constant flow to small droplets. Jets are held together by surface tension which is why they generally do not continue to be a perfect flow, this tension has a stronger effect the smaller the diameter of the jet [J.B. Calvert 2003]. This is why decreasing the size of the orifice will lead to an increase in the displacement of the jet from the container because by decreasing the cross section, the jet will accumulate more velocity at vena contracta. Pressure is another factor that affects the displacement of the jet from the orifice. If the pressure accumulated inside the container is substantially high, the fluid tends to compress in a closed container [Spence Regan 2007]. However, if the fluid is incompressible like water, an increase in pressure will generally lead the fluid molecules to basically push up against the walls of the container as it attempts to decompress back to the normal atmospheric pressure surrounding the container [Spence Regan 2007]. Because of this, when a leak has been sprung in a container consisting of a pressurized fluid, the fluid will be inclined to escape, and with more pressure, the faster the fluids discharging velocity will be [Khan Academy 2017]. Naturally, especially when dealing with water as a fluid, pressure is most commonly affected by and directly proportional to the height of the waters (fluids) surface above the specific measured location, or the depth of the location from that surface [Madden et al. 2004]. The reason for this is because the height of the fluid administers a mass over that specific location, which then, assuming that the fluid analysed is influenced by the acceleration due to gravity, a force will be produced as stated in the equation below [Madden et al. 2004]. or [Madden et al. 2004] This accumulated force will result in Pressure through the equation Where: P= Pressure (Pa) f=force (N) A=Area (m2) [Madden et al. 2004] However in fluid mechanics, another more accurate equation is required, this is known as Bernoullis equation which relates to Bernoullis Principle. This principle is based on the law of conservation of energy and states that a fluids pressure decreases when it is subjected to increased velocities, vice versa [Madden et al. 2004]. The pressure, velocity or heights of surfaces above the hole in most fluids are related to the same parameters at a second point through Bernoullis equation as stated below [Fluid Dynamics and Bernoullis equation 1999]. Where: P=Pressure (Pa) à Ã‚ =Density (kgm-3) v=Velocity of Fluid (ms-1) g=Acceleration due to gravity (ms-2) h=Height (m) [Madden et al. 2004] The pressure of a fluid at depth can be given through a derivative of Bernoullis equation. Where: Ph=the pressure at depth (Pa) à Ã‚ =density of fluid (kgm-3) g=acceleration due to gravity (9.81ms-2) h=the height of the fluids surface, in this case the water, above the specific location where Pressure at depth is measured. Ptop = the pressure at the fluids surface (Pa) [Madden et al. 2004]. This equation can be used to find the pressure at certain points like at the same level as the orifice inside the bottle [Madden et al. 2004]. For this experiment however, the pressure will be measured and calculated at the same level as the orifice and since the pressure at the fluids surface can also be considered as the air temperature inside the room this will also be used in the equation. For eg, If the waters density, the acceleration due to gravity and the air pressure were kept at constant while the height of the surface above a certain location was increased, then the Pressure at that location should also increase like so [Madden et al. 2004]. If à Ã‚ =1000kgm-3, Ptop=94500Pa and g=9.81ms-2 When h= 10m [Madden et al. 2004] This is important in many applications like dams, towns and especially high rise buildings. Water will need to be mechanically pushed up to the top of a building so people at the top floors can have sufficient water to have a shower [Madden et al. 2004]. It is also because of this understanding of fluid mechanics that hilly cities often build water towers or reservoirs at the top of hills or mountains to help accumulate this needed pressure to effectively distribute water to the population [Madden et al. 2004]. Pressure can directly affect the exit velocity of the fluid being discharged as it flows out through an opening in any form of container or reservoir. This is known as the velocity of efflux and is determined through many similar formulae. The most common is derived from Torricellis theorem which is about the relationship between the height of the fluid above the orifice, and the exit velocity of the fluid projected from a sharp edged orifice [Boundless 2016]. The law also states that the speed (velocity) of a liquid flowing under the influence of gravity out of an orifice in a reservoir is directly proportional to the square root of the vertical distance between the surface of the liquid and orifice and the square root twice the acceleration due to gravity [Britannica 2017]. The equation that relates to this theorem is stated below. Where: Vi= Velocity of Efflux (ms-1) g= Acceleration due to gravity h= Height of the fluids surface above the orifice This velocity is a result from a transfer of potential energy to kinetic energy [Boundless 2016]{Torricellis Law and height/Displacement} Other deviations of this equation can be used to factor in for orifice and container sizes like displayed below. Where: A= Area of Container (m2) a= Area of Orifice (m2) [CalcTown 2017] In this case the areas can be calculated using the standard area formula for a circle. According to calculations using this formula however, velocities are not effected significantly from changing the containers area or even the orifices area. But the area of the orifice seems to affect this velocity more adversely than the area of the bottle which is why changing the area of the bottle will not be tested in the experiment [CalcTown 2017]. Orifices also come in many different shapes or categories. The most common of these is the sharp edged orifice which is a simple hole [lmnoeng 2016]. Other common orifices include smooth edged, short tube and borda which appears to be a short tube on the interior of the container. Each different hole affects the velocities and displacements of the jet as the jet is subjected to either more or less friction and drag through each different hole type [lmnoeng 2016]. This results in many different coefficients of discharge and velocity which can then be inserted into equations. The orifice types are displayed below. According to multiple experiments the average coefficients of velocity for each orifice have been determined. The orifices that will be used for this experiment are the Sharp edged, Short tube and Borda because the Rounded orifice is too hard to replicate using the resrouces on hand. The sharp edged orifice has an average velocity coefficient of 0.98 as well as the borda hole. The short tube has a velocity coefficient of 0.8 [LMNOeng 2016]. The equation that can implement this coefficient is a derivative of Toricellis The viscosity of the fluid can also affect a fluids flow displacement out of an orifice. Viscosity is defined as the resistance of flow and is the result of the interaction and friction between different molecules in a fluid, at a molecular level [rheosense 2017]. A substance that has high viscosity has high friction and flows through an orifice slowly, this in turn means that it would not be displaced very far from the hole, an example of this is honey [rheosense 2017]. Viscosity can be decreased with an increase in temperature [Viscopedia 2017]. Water however is said to have a low viscosity, so this temperature change theoretically should not affect its discharge to much which is why temperature will not be a variable that will be tested [Viscopedia 2017]. To determine each of the horizontal displacements that the jet will theoretically travel, the cross sectional area of the 1.25L soft drink bottle (A) needs to be calculated first through the simple area equation for a circle. This will be used universally to calculate the Velocity of Efflux. [Simson Rowland 2010] Since this first experiment is testing the displacement of water through a diameter change, the cross sectional area of the orifice (a) needs to be calculated next. The height of the surface as a variable is kept at a constant 0.012m, while for this example, the diameter of the orifice is 3.18mm. [Simpson Rowland 2010] Then the pressure at depth can also be calculated next from Bernoullis standard fluid equation and for this first experiment, the pressure determined will be the same for each hole size being tested. Assuming that the pressure at the surface of the fluid is 94500Pa, the density of water is 1000kgm-3 and the height of the surface above the orifice is 0.12m, the pressure of the fluid at the same level as the orifice should be given below. [Madden et al. 2004] A deviation of Toricellis equation can then be used to determine the velocity of efflux with in the jet. The value calculated can be used to determine the theoretical displacement of the jet. [CalcTown 2015] And now the maximum displacement the water is expected to discharge can be found using another deviation of Torricellis equation that has been rearranged slightly to fit requirements. Assume that the orifice height from the bottle is 0.19m above the location where horizontal displacement is measured (ruler). m [Calvert, J.B. 2003] Therefore based off theses assumptions and calculations, theoretically, when the jet starts flowing from a surface height of 0.12m and an orifice diameter of 3.18mm, the fluid should be displaced about 0.302m from the orifice. The theoretical displacements of the water are displayed in the table and graph below. Theoretical Displacement from Diameter Change (test 1) Diameter (mm) Velocity of efflux (ms-1) Displacement (m) 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.18 1.53 0.30 4.76 1.53 0.30 6.35 1.53 0.30 These displacements are the same, however by increasing the hole size, the displacement does increase however by not a large amount as displayed in the graph below. Due to background research above, the theoretical displacements of the water in experiment 2 can be determined from each of the heights that will be used. Beginning at the surface height of 0.04m, theoretical displacements can be determined from the following calculations assuming that the jet is not affected by air resistance and the pressure at the surface of the fluid is 94500Pa. [Madden et al. 2004] So the pressure at the hole should be 94892.4Pa. The velocity of the jet can then be calculated using the areas calculated before and the same deviation of Torricellis law. [CalcTown 2015] Using this value calculated, the horizontal displacement can be determined using the equation from experiment 1, still assuming that the height of the orifice above the location of measuring is 0.19m. [Calvert, J.B 2003] Therefore the expected horizontal displacement when the height of the surface is 0.04m is 0.174m. The other results calculated using these formulae are displayed in the table and graph below. Theoretical Displacement from Height Change (Test 2) Height (m) Velocity of efflux (ms-1) Displacement (m) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.89 0.17 0.12 1.53 0.30 0.20 1.98 0.40 A new set of equations will need to be used to determine the velocity of efflux, seeing as the formulae previously used only factors in surface heights, orifice and bottle sizes. This formula will need to utilize the coefficient of velocity for each hole shape as this coefficient supposedly changes with a change in hole type. Beginning with the first hole, borda (interior tube), we will assume that the height will be 0.12m, air resistance does not affect discharge and the coefficient of velocity will be the same as the average researched for this hole, 0.98. A deviation of Torricellis equation will be used to incorporate this coefficient into calculating the velocity of efflux but first the pressure inside the bottle will need to be calculated. [Madden et al. 2004] Now the Velocity of efflux will be calculated as previously mentioned, also assuming the same factors previously mentioned. [LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd 2015] Using this velocity, the expected horizontal displacement of the jet can then be calculated using the same equation and method used in previous tests. [Calvert J.B. 2003] Therefore the expected displacement the jet should be displaced using a Borda orifice is 0.296m, that is if all assumptions made come into effect in the experiment. All results calculated using this same format and assumptions are displayed in the table and graph below. The other orifice use different coefficients to be calculated, it is assumed that for the Sharp edged orifice, the velocity coefficient will be 0.98 like Borda, and for the short tube, the coefficient is 0.80.